卡尔十四世·约翰
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| 卡尔十四世·约翰 | ||
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| 瑞典和挪威国王 | ||
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| 在位 | 1818年2月5日 – 1844年3月8日 | |
| 加冕 | 1818年5月11日 在挪威 1818年9月7日 |
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| 全名 | 让-巴蒂斯特·朱尔·贝尔纳多特 | |
| 出生 | 26 January 1763 | |
| Pau, France | ||
| 去世 | 8 March 1844 | |
| Stockholm, Sweden | ||
| 葬于 | Riddarholmskyrkan, Stockholm | |
| 前任 | 卡尔十三世 | |
| 继任 | 奥斯卡一世 | |
| 配偶 | Désirée Clary | |
| 子女 | 奥斯卡王储 | |
| 王室 | 贝尔纳多特 | |
| 父亲 | 亨利·贝尔纳多特 | |
| 母亲 | Jeanne St. Jean | |
让-巴蒂斯特·贝尔纳多特（法语：Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte） (1763年1月26日 – 1844年3月8日)，生于法国波城，1804年晋封法国元帅，1810年被选为瑞典王储，1818年以卡尔十四世·约翰（瑞典语: Karl XIV Johan）的名号加冕为瑞典国王与挪威国王，在位至1844年去世。
目录 |
[编辑] 早年
贝尔纳多特生于法国加斯科尼的波城，是当地检察官亨利·贝尔纳多特与Jeanne Saint-Jean之子。他的教名为让·巴蒂斯特（Jean-Baptiste），后来贝尔纳多特又加上源于恺撒的Jules，in the classicizing spirit of the French Revolution)。他家族的姓氏原为 Deu Pouey，在17世纪初改为贝尔纳多特。
[编辑] 军人生涯
Bernadotte entered the French Army as a private in the Régiment de Royal-Marine on September 3, 1780, and first saw service in Corsica. He was a sergeant in 1789 but on the outbreak of the French Revolution his eminent military qualities brought him speedy promotion. He was promoted to colonel in 1792 and by 1794 was a brigadier attached to the army of the Sambre et Meuse. After Jourdan's victory at Fleurus (26 June 1794) he became a general of division. At the Battle of Theiningen (1796), Bernadotte contributed, more than anyone else, to the successful retreat of the French army over the Rhine after its defeat by the Archduke Charles of Austria. In 1797 he brought reinforcements from the Rhine to Bonaparte's army in Italy, distinguishing himself greatly at the passage of the Tagliamento, and in 1798 served as ambassador to Vienna, but had to quit his post owing to the disturbances caused by his hoisting the tricolour over the embassy.
On August 16 1798 he married Désirée Clary (1777-1860), the daughter of a Marseille silk merchant, and sister of Joseph Bonaparte's wife Julie Clary. From July 2 to September 14 he was Minister of War, in which capacity he displayed great ability. About this time he held aloof from Bonaparte, but though he declined to help Napoleon in the preparations for the coup d'état of November 1799, he accepted employment from the Consulate, and from April 1800 to August 18, 1801 commanded the army in the Vendée.
On the introduction of the Empire Bernadotte became one of the eighteen Marshals of France, and, from June 1804 to September 1805, he acted as governor of the recently-occupied Hanover. During the campaign of 1805, Bernadotte with an army corps from Hanover co-operated in the great movement which resulted in the shutting up of Mack in Ulm. As a reward for his services at Austerlitz (December 2, 1805) he became Prince of Ponte Corvo (June 5, 1806), but during the campaign against Prussia, in the same year, was severely reproached by Napoleon for not participating with his army corps in the battles of Jena and Auerstädt, though close at hand. In 1808, as governor of the Hanseatic towns, he was to have directed the expedition against Sweden, via the Danish islands, but the plan came to nought because of the want of transports and the defection of the Spanish contingent. In the war against Austria, Bernadotte led the Saxon contingent at the Battle of Wagram (6 July 1809), on which occasion, on his own initiative, he issued an order of the day attributing the victory principally to the valour of his Saxons, which order Napoleon at once disavowed. It was during the middle of that battle that Marshal Bernadotte was stripped of his command after retreating against Napoleon's orders.
[编辑] 成为瑞典王储
Bernadotte, considerably piqued, thereupon returned to Paris, where the council of ministers entrusted him with the defence of the Netherlands against the English. In 1810 he was about to enter upon his new post of governor of Rome when he was, unexpectedly, elected heir to King Charles XIII of Sweden, partly because a large part of the Swedish Army, in view of future complications with Russia, were in favour of electing a soldier, and partly because Bernadotte was very popular in Sweden, owing to the kindness he had shown to the Swedish prisoners during the late war with Denmark. The matter was decided by one of the Swedish courtiers, Baron Karl Otto Mörner, who, entirely on his own initiative, offered the succession to the Swedish crown to Bernadotte. Bernadotte communicated Mörner's offer to Napoleon, who treated the whole affair as an absurdity. Bernadotte thereupon informed Mörner that he would not refuse the honour if he were duly elected. Although the Swedish government, amazed at Mörner's effrontery, at once placed him under arrest on his return to Sweden, the candidature of Bernadotte gradually gained favour there, and, on August 21, 1810, he was elected Crown Prince and made Generalissimus of the Swedish Armed Forces.[1]
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[编辑] 瑞典王储与摄政
On November 2 Bernadotte made his solemn entry into Stockholm, and on November 5 he received the homage of the estates and was adopted by Charles XIII under the name of "Charles John" (Karl Johan). The new crown prince was very soon the most popular and the most powerful man in Sweden. The infirmity of the old king and the dissensions in the Privy Council placed the government, and especially the control of foreign affairs, entirely in his hands. The keynote of his whole policy was the acquisition of Norway and Bernadotte proved anything but a puppet of France. In 1813 he allied Sweden with Napoleon's enemies Britain and Prussia of the Sixth Coalition, in order to secure this. After the defeats of Lützen (2 May 1813) and Bautzen (21 May 1813), it was the Swedish crown prince who put fresh heart into the allies; and at the conference of Trachenberg he drew up the general plan for the campaign which began after the expiration of the Truce of Plaswitz. Charles John, as commander-in-chief of the northern army, successfully defended the approaches to Berlin against Oudinot in August and against Ney in September at the Battles of Grossbeeren and Dennewitz; but after Leipzig he went his own way, determined at all hazards to cripple Denmark and secure Norway.
[编辑] 瑞典与挪威国王
As unional king, Charles XIV John, who succeeded to that title in 1818 following the death of Charles XIII, was popular in both countries. Though his ultra-conservative views were detested, and as far as possible opposed, especially after 1823, his dynasty was never in serious danger, and Swedes and Norwegians alike were proud of a monarch with a European reputation. It is true that the Riksdag of the Estates of 1840 meditated compelling him to abdicate, but the storm blew over and his jubilee was celebrated with great enthusiasm in 1843.
His reign saw the completion of the southern Göta Canal begun 22 years earlier to link Lake Vänern to the sea at Söderköping 180 miles to the east. Though he converted from Catholicism to the Lutheranism of the Swedish court on his adoption, he never learned to speak Swedish nor Norwegian. This in itself was not a serious obstacle for either King or Court. The Court had no problem with speaking French as it had been a favourite language of the aristocracy for many years and was widely spoken in those days.
Template:Infobox swedenkstyles He died at Stockholm on March 8, 1844. His reign was one of uninterrupted peace, and the great material development of the two kingdoms during the first half of the 19th century was largely due to his energy and foresight. He was succeeded by his son, Oscar I of Sweden and Norway.
The main street of Oslo, Karl Johans gate is named after him. The Fortress of Karlsborg (Karlsborgs fästning) located in Karlsborg Municipality (Karlsborgs kommun) in Västra Götaland, was named by him after Charles XIII, his adoptive father.
According to a popular myth, after his death a tattoo was found on Charles XIV John's body saying "Mort aux rois!" ("Death to kings!") which, according to the myth, was made during the French Revolution. However, no evidence of this exists, and it is most likely to be false.
Also, it has been claimed that in his latter days he said: "I, who once was a marshal of France, became only the king of Sweden."[來源請求]
[编辑] 直系继承人
Following only the male lines of the thrones of Sweden, Charles is the male-line ancestor to the heirs of that nation.
- Henri Bernadotte
- 卡尔十四世·约翰，瑞典国王
- 奥斯卡一世，瑞典国王
- 卡尔十五世，瑞典国王
- 奥斯卡二世，瑞典国王
- 古斯塔夫五世，
- 古斯塔夫五世·阿道夫
- 卡尔十五世·古斯塔夫，瑞典国王
- 维多利亚公主，瑞典王储
Henri Bernadotte, father of Charles XIV John, is therefore a great(x6)-grandfather to Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden.
