荷兰文化
维基百科，自由的百科全书
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荷兰文化 的多元化体现在了不同地区文化的差异以及外国文化所带来的影响。荷兰人的勇于探索的精神，创造了灿烂的文化。在百年历史中，荷兰黄金时代被认为是荷兰文化的巅峰时期。
目录 |
[编辑] 人民
- 参见：荷兰传统礼节
荷兰社会所追求的平等与现代，人民普遍温和、包容、自主、执着。荷兰人对于自己的文化传统引以为豪，历史上荷兰艺术和音乐极大的影响了世界艺术的发展。
在荷兰人们非常注重礼节，这点在很多国际上关于荷兰的书籍中常常被提及。
[编辑] 语言
根据欧盟宪章对地区或小语种的分类，北部和东部的多种低撒克逊方言是被荷兰政府所承认的。另外一种荷兰方言，林堡语也是被承认的，主要通行于东南部的林堡省。西南部的西兰方言是不被承认的，但被视为是一种不太相同的方言，或归为西佛兰德语。
[编辑] 宗教
荷兰是欧洲最世俗的国家之一，大约有40%的人(1998)认为自己无宗教信仰，另外约有31%的天主教徒和21%的新教徒，穆斯林占4.4%。新教曾经是荷兰最大的宗教，然而在过去的一个世纪，新教教堂在不断的减少。伊斯兰教的发展始于清真寺的兴建。荷兰同是拥有不少印度教徒，主要是来前殖民地国家苏里南的移民。
[编辑] 建筑
- 参见：荷兰黄金时代
荷兰建筑的第一个辉煌时期大约起始于十七世纪的荷兰黄金时代，由于经济蓬勃的城市大为扩大，新会堂和仓库的修建。商人从中大发横财，增建新建筑以及在其周围各城市挖河渠(国防、运输用途)，房子的装饰门面的翻修以适合新的市容。在乡村，新的乡村住房不断出现。涌现了一大批知名的建筑师如：雅各布·范·坎普(1595年-1657年)、Lieven de Key (c. 1560年-1627年)和Hendrik de Keyser (1565年-1621年)。
20世纪，荷兰建筑师更是带动了世界现代建筑的发展。20世纪初，Berlage的理性建筑Out of the early 20th century rationalist architecture of Berlage, architect of the Beurs van Berlage, three separate groups developed during the 1920’s, each with their own view on which direction modern architecture should take. Expressionist architects like M. de Klerk and P.J. Kramer in Amsterdam (See Amsterdam School). Functionalist architects (Nieuwe Zakelijkheid or Nieuwe Bouwen) like Mart Stam, L.C. van der Vlugt and Johannes Duiker had good ties with the international modernist group CIAM.
A third group came out of the De Stijl movement, among them J.J.P Oud and Gerrit Rietveld. Both architects later built in a functionalist style.
During the 50’s and 60’s a new generation of architects like Aldo van Eyck, J.B. Bakema and Herman Hertzberger, known as the ‘Forum generation’ (named after a magazine called Forum) formed a connection with international groups like Team 10.
From the 80’s to the present Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) became one of the leading world architects. With him, formed a new generation of Dutch architects working in a modernist tradition.
[编辑] 艺术
- See also: List of Dutch painters.
- 参见：Movie theaters in the Netherlands
- 参见：Cinema of the Netherlands
Until 1830, the Dutch and Flemish were generally seen as one people. Due to religious wars and the eighty' years war, a split slowly started to take place. Therefore, historical Flemish and Dutch art are hard to separate. Most artists of the period (like Breugel) are described as Flemish, even though they spoke Dutch and might have been born in the present day Netherlands. Some of the most famous indisputably Dutch artists from before the 17th century are Hieronymus Bosch, a painter, and the brothers de Limbourg, three miniaturists who are most famous for their work for the Duke of Berry.
In the 16th century, many painters from Flanders fled to the Northern Netherlands, for religious reasons and because the Netherlands were growing economically. Both regions had a golden age of painting in this period. The most famous Dutch painter was Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, but other painters such as Johannes Vermeer and Frans Hals are nowadays world famous as well.
The Dutch artists of the 18th century are less well-known. The most important paintings were the land- and seascapes (or marines). Only at the end of the 19th century did an internationally-important painter, Vincent Van Gogh, appear.
In the 20th century, the Netherlands produced many fine painters and artists, including Piet Mondriaan and some of the members of the COBRA movement, including Karel Appel and Corneille.
The Dutch have a distinct comic tradition as well. Eventhough there is an abundance of Flemish, Franco-Belgian, and American comics, they also created their own tradition, with a more literary kind of comics. The most prominent author was Marten Toonder and his creation Tom Puss.
The Dutch also have their own distinct version of cabaret.
[编辑] 音乐及舞蹈
- 关于此话题更进一步的细节，參見Music of the Netherlands。
- 关于此话题更进一步的细节，參見Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles。
The Netherlands have multiple musical traditions ranging from folk and dance to classical music and ballet. In the 21st century Dutchmen and women with an African or Middle Eastern background have also had a profound effect, most notably in hip hop and rap. Much more so than most non-English speaking European countries, the Netherlands has remained closely in tune with American and British trends ever since the 50's.
阿鲁巴 and the five main islands of the Netherlands Antilles are part of the Lesser Antilles island chain. Their music is a mixture of native, African and Dutch elements, and is closely connected with trends from neighboring islands like Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe, as well as the mainland former Dutch possession of Suriname, which has exported kaseko music to great success on the islands. Curaçao and Bonaire likely have the most active and well-known music scenes. Curaçao is known for a kind of music called tumba, which is named after the conga drums that accompany it.
[编辑] 媒体
The media of the Netherlands consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines. It is characterized by a tradition of pillarization, and increasing commercialization.
[编辑] Cuisine
Dutch cuisine is characterized by its somewhat limited diversity; however, it varies greatly from region to region. The southern regions of the Netherlands for example share dishes with Flanders and vice versa. Dutch food is traditionally characterised by the high consumption of vegetables when compared to the consumption of meat. Dairy products are also eaten to great extent, Dutch cheeses are world renowned with famous cheeses such as Gouda, Edam and Leiden. Dutch pastry is extremely rich and is eaten in great quantities. When concerning alcoholic beverages wine has traditionally been absent in Dutch cuisine, instead there are many brands of beer and strong alcoholic liquor such as Jenever and Brandewijn. The Dutch have all sorts of pastry and cookies (the word "cookie" is in fact derived from Dutch), many of them filled with marzipan, almond and chocolate. A truly huge amount of different pies and cakes can be found, most notably in the southern provinces.
[编辑] 外部链接
- Netherlands.Info 全方位介绍荷兰的旅游以及荷兰社会和荷兰的文化传统。（英文）
- ArchiNed 荷兰建筑
- NL Planet - Dutch Culture
- Wall Anchors on Old Dutch Building
- Netherlands a cultural pofilesanfer
[编辑] 相关条目
- 荷兰历史
- 荷兰人
- 荷兰画家
