螢光棒
维基百科，自由的百科全书
螢光棒，又稱犀利光，英文:lightstick或 glowstick, 是一種以內外管各別分裝兩種液體化學成份的透明塑膠棒。外形多为条状，外层以聚乙烯（塑料）包装，内置一玻璃管夹层，夹层内外液体分别为过氧化物和酯类化合物，经弯折、击打、揉搓等使玻璃破裂，引起两种化合物反应致使荧光染料而放出光能，但它並不會產生熱能。這個過程被稱為化學螢光反應。
目录 |
[编辑] 使用
荧光棒可应用于娱乐、夜钓、婚庆、户外、军事、工程建设、水下作业等 娱乐：音乐会、KTV使用者握于手中挥舞以增强气氛；荧光棒可制成各式各样的玩具，如眼镜、手镯、耳坠、[[发光球、戒指、宝剑、吊坠等；营造浪漫气氛。
婚庆：结婚时，新郎、新娘各执一瓶荧光液，同时注入特定容器中，会产生美丽的光。以此预示新婚夫妇会创造光彩的未来，同时也营造出浪漫气氛。
户外：6`` 棒、哨棒、25x350mm 大棒等被可用于宿营、登山、探险等领域。其作用为照明、警示、相互联系、营救等。有声音、色彩、光亮三种识别功能。 军事：4`` ， 6`` 发光棒及迷你光棒等忆被应用到军事领域。波长为780mm 专业红外线发光棒只有通过夜视仪才能看到，部分西方国家已经使用。
夜钓：可制作成多鱼漂用于夜间垂钓，或海上夜间捕捞。 Lightsticks have various purposes: they are used in the military, by recreational divers doing night diving, by marching band conductors for night time performances, and also used for entertainment at parties (especially raves), concerts, and dance clubs. Glowsticking refers to the use of glowsticks in dancing. A further application are light effects, especially Balloon-carried light effects.
By adjusting the concentrations of the two chemicals, manufacturers can produce lightsticks that either glow brightly for a short amount of time, or glow more dimly for a much longer amount of time. At maximum concentration (typically only found in laboratory settings), mixing the chemicals results in a furious reaction, producing large amounts of light for only a few seconds.
Heating a lightstick causes the reaction to proceed faster and the lightstick to glow brighter, but for a shorter period of time. Cooling a lightstick slows the reaction and causes it to last longer, but the light is dimmer. This can be demonstrated by refrigerating or freezing an active glowstick; when it warms up again, it will resume glowing .
[编辑] 化學原理
The light stick contains two chemicals and a suitable fluorescent dye (sensitizer, or fluorophor). The chemicals in the plastic tube are a mixture of the dye and a derivate of phenyl oxalate ester (also called Cyalume). The chemical inside the glass vial is concentrated (about 35%) hydrogen peroxide. By mixing the peroxide with the phenyl oxalate ester, a chemical reaction takes place; the ester is oxidized, yielding two molecules of phenol and one molecule of peroxyacid ester. The peroxyacid decomposes spontaneously to carbon dioxide, releasing energy that excites the dye, which then deexcites by releasing a photon. The wavelength of the photon depends on the structure of the dye; eg. 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene gives green light, 9,10-diphenylanthracene yields blue light, 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene yields red light. Other colors can be made of combination of dyes, eg. purple requires three dyes.
Other chemicals are usually present in the mixture as well; eg. sodium salicylate as a catalyst, and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as a solvent.
Instead of cyalume, bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate (CPPO) is used in practical formulations, as it gives significantly better quantum yield.
A similar reaction can be achieved with bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO).
The dyes used in lightsticks usually exhibit fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Therefore even a spent lightstick will shine under a black light.
[编辑] 螢光劑
- 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) emits blue light
- 1-chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene (1-chloro(DPA)) and 1-chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene (2-chloro(DPA)) emit blue-green light with higher efficiency than unsubstituted DPA, dihydro(DPA) is purple [1]
- 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) emits green light
- 1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene emits yellow-green light, used in 30-minute high-intensity Cyalume sticks
- 2-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene emits green light, used in 12-hour low-intensity Cyalume sticks
- 1,8-dichloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene emits yellow light, used in Cyalume sticks
- Rubrene emits orange-red light.
- 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 1,4,5,8-tetracarboxynaphthalene diamide emits deep red light, together with DPA is used to produce white or hot-pink light, depending on their ratio
<圖片> Image:9,10-diphenylanthracene.png|9,10-diphenylanthracene yields blue light Image:9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene.png|9,10-bis(phenylethynyl) anthracene yields green light Image:1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene.png|1-chloro- 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl) anthracene yields yellow light Image:rubrene.png|rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyl naphthacene) yields yellow light Image:5,12-bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene.png|5,12-bis(phenylethynyl) naphthacene yields orange light Image:Rhodamine 6G.png|Rhodamine 6G yields orange light Image:Rhodamine B.png|Rhodamine B yields red light </gallery>
[编辑] 歷史
Cyalume was invented by Michael M. Rauhut and Laszlo J. Bollyky of American Cyanamid based on work by Edwin A. Chandross of Bell Labs. 1
Other early work on chemoluminescence was carried out at the same time, by researchers under Herbert Richter at China Lake Naval Weapons Center. 2 3
[编辑] 注意事项
近来随着荧光棒的广泛使用，其安全问题也引起了关注。因荧光棒成分多含苯二甲酸二甲酯和苯二甲酸二丁酯，具有低毒性。若发生泄漏，被人体误吸或触碰，可能会造成恶心、头晕、麻痹、昏迷等现象。同时也有些人担心荧光棒具有放射性。
但一些专家解释因荧光液被聚乙烯（塑料）包装，只要使用方法正确就不会造成对人体的伤害。使用过程中应注意不将荧光棒过度弯折，或用刀切割，针刺等就不会造成液体泄漏。
至于放射性，专家解释荧光棒所发出的光是靠化学反应刺激染料发出的光，而非由放射线激发染料发出的光，对人体无伤害。
