電影製作
维基百科，自由的百科全书
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電影製作（Filmmaking、或稱電影製片）指的是製作電影的過程。電影的性質決定了製作期間所需工作團隊的規模大小和類型。許多好萊塢冒險電影需要電腦運算的影像（CGI），必須由非常多的3D模型設計師、動畫師、動態描繪師和其他人員來製作。然而，一部預算較低的獨立製片電影，可能僅由小型的工作團隊製作，通常薪資待遇也較低。全世界每個地方使用著各種不同的技術、演出和類型風格進行電影製作，並且也有截然不同的預算範圍，從中國大陸縣市政府出資贊助的紀錄片，到在美國的製片廠系統內，完全以商業利潤為導向的電影製作。
目录 |
[编辑] 電影製作的階段流程
電影的製作流程基本分為5個階段：
- 發展階段（劇本創作）
- 前期製作
- 拍攝製作
- 後期製作
- 發行
好萊塢風格的製作流程通常需要花費3年的時間。第1年是進行發展階段，第2年開始前期製作和正式拍攝，第3年則進行後期製作和發行。
[编辑] 發展階段
[编辑] 前期製作
在前期製作（又稱「前製」）時，必須將電影設計並規劃完成，成立製片公司和製片辦公室。整個製作計畫要由插畫家和創作藝術家進行視覺化，並製成分鏡表。也會事先估計製片預算以控制拍攝電影所需要的花費。
製作人（Producer）將會雇用以下工作團隊進行前製：
- 導演 Director - 主要負責電影中的演出部份，以及管理電影中的創意部份。
- 助理導演（或稱「副導演」） Assistant Director (AD) - 管理拍攝計畫表，負責電影拍攝的其他工作後勤協調部份。
- 演員導演 Casting Director - 負責尋找適合劇本的演員。通常都需要進行演員的試鏡。主要角色必須很慎重的選擇，通常都依據演員的知名度和受歡迎的程度來決定。
- 場地管理 Location Manager - 必須尋找和管理電影的拍攝地點。大部分的電影都是在可以控制的環境下拍攝，例如製片廠的攝影棚（Sound Stage）；偶爾有必須在室外拍攝的部份，就必須出外景。
- 製片經理 Production Manager - 管理製作預算和製作計畫。他/她也必須代表製片辦公室，向製片廠的行政部門或財務部門報告電影拍攝的狀況。
- 攝影指導 Director of Photography (DOP) / Cinematographer - 負責電影的攝影部份。他/她必須和導演、聲音導演（DOA）和助理導演（AD）合作。
- 藝術指導 Art Director - 負責管理藝術部門，要進行拍攝場景的搭設、服裝設計，以及提供化妝和髮型的服務。
- 製作設計 Production Designer - 建立拍攝場景、服裝、化妝和髮型的的視覺外觀和整體氣氛、感覺。和藝術指導一起進行這些東西的製作。
- 分鏡插畫家 Storyboard Artist - 負責繪製圖片，來協助導演和製作設計指導與製作小組溝通彼此的構想。
- 音效指導 Director of Audiography (DOA) / Sound Director (SD) - 負責整部電影音效的部份。他/她必須和導演、DOP和AD合作。
- 音效設計 Sound Designer - 創作電影所需的新音效。
- 作曲家 Composer - 創作新音樂。
- 舞蹈指導 Choreographer - 創作並編出舞蹈和動作，通常是在音樂劇中使用。有些電影也會有「武術指導（Fight Choreographer）」。
[编辑] 拍攝製作
在拍摄时电影已经被计划好了. 制片公司和制片办公室已经设立. The production is storyboarded and visualised with the help of illustrators and concept artists. A production budget will also be drawn up to cost the film.
制片人将雇佣以下一些人员:
- 导演, who is primarily responsible for the acting in the movie and managing the creative elements.
- 助理导演 (AD) manages the shooting schedule and logistics of the production among other tasks.
- casting director finds actors for the parts in the script. This normally requires an audition by the actor. Lead actors are carefully chosen and are often based on the actor's reputation or "star power."
- The 场景经理 finds and manages the film locations. Most pictures are shot in the predictable environment of a studio sound stage but occasionally outdoor sequences will call for filming on location.
- The 制片经理 manages the production budget and production schedule. He or she also reports on behalf of the production office to the studio executives or financiers of the film.
- The 摄影导演 (DOP) or cinematographer creates the photography of the film. He or she cooperates with the director, director of audiography (DOA) and AD.
- The 艺术导演 manages the art department, which makes production sets, costumes and provides makeup & hair styling services.
- The production designer creates the look and feel of the production sets, costumes, make up and hairstyles, working with the art director to create these elements.
- The 剧本作者 creates visual images to help the director and production designer communicate their ideas to the production team.
- The 混音制作 manages the audio experience during the production stage of a film. He or she cooperates with the director, DOP, and AD.
- The 音效制作 creates new sounds and enhances the aural feel of the film with the help of foley artists.
- The 作曲人 creates new music for the film.
- The 动作编导 creates and coordinates the movement and dance - typically for musicals. Some films also credit a fight choreographer.
[编辑] 后期制作
影片编辑负责剪切影片. 运用现代视频技术,电影录像过程导致两个分类: 一个贯穿与整个电影, 另一种则混合着视频和电影片段.
在电影工作流程中, 原始胶片 (negative) 被冲印和复制到 a one-light workprint (positive) for 用于编辑和剪接. An edge code is recorded onto film to locate the position of picture frames. Since the development of non-linear editing systems such as Avid, Quantel or Final Cut Pro, the film workflow is used by very few productions.
在视频工作流程中, the original camera negative is developed and telecined to video for editing with computer editing software. A timecode is recorded onto video tape to locate the position of picture frames. Production sound is also synced up to the video picture frames during this process.
The first job of the film editor is to build a rough cut taken from sequences (or scenes) based on individual "takes" (shots). The purpose of the rough cut is to select and order the best shots. The next step is to create a fine cut by getting all the shots to flow smoothly in a seamless story. Trimming, the process of shortening scenes by a few minutes, seconds, or even frames, is done during this phase. After the fine cut has been screened and approved by the director and producer the picture is "locked," meaning no further changes are made. Next, the editor creates a negative cut list (using edge code) or an edit decision list (using timecode) either manually or automatically. These edit lists identify the source and the picture frame of each shot in the fine cut.
Once the picture is locked, the film passes out of the hands of the editor to the sound department to build-up the sound track. The voice recordings are synchronised and the final sound mix is created. The sound mix combines sound effects, background sounds, ADR, dialogue, walla, and music.
The sound track and picture are combined together, resulting in a low quality answer print of the movie. There are now two possible workflows to create the high quality release print depending on the recording medium:
- In the film workflow, the cut list that describes the film-based answer print is used to cut the original colour negative (OCN) and create a colour timed copy called the colour master positive or interpositive print. For all subsequent steps this effectively becomes the master copy. The next step is to create a one-light copy called the colour duplicate negative or internegative. It is from this that many copies of the final theatrical release print are made. Copying from the internegative is much simpler than copying from the interpositive directly because it is a one-light process; it also reduces wear-and-tear on the interpositive print.
- In the video workflow, the edit decision list that describes the video-based answer print is used to edit the original colour tape (OCT) and create a high quality colour master tape. For all subsequent steps this effectively becomes the master copy. The next step uses a film recorder to read the colour master tape and copy each video frame directly to film to create the final theatrical release print.
Finally the film is previewed, normally by the target audience, and any feedback may result in further shooting or edits to the film.
[编辑] 發行
[编辑] 拍攝技術
- 菲林拍攝
- 高清拍攝
