Plži

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plži

plž

Vědecká klasifikace

Říše:	živočichové (Animalia)
Kmen:	měkkýši (Mollusca)
Třída:	plži (Gastropoda)

Podtřídy

Eogastropoda
Orthogastropoda

Plži (Gastropoda) jsou bezobratlí živočichové. Jedná se o třídu patřící do kmene měkkýši.

Schránka plžů se nazývá ulita.

schéma raduly plže

schéma anatomie samce předožábrého plže

schéma anatomie plže

Obsah

1 Taxonomie
2 Navrhovaná taxonomie plžů (sensu Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
3 Podívejte se také na
4 Externí odkazy

[editovat] Taxonomie

Podle tradičního systému se plži se dělí na předožábré, zadožábré a plicnaté. Předožábří mají žábry před srdcem a nacházejí se v plášťové dutině (část těla, která komunikuje s vnějším prostředím), zádožábří potom až za srdcem. Plicnatí plži mají plíce, které vznikly prokrvením plášťové dutiny.

Podle nových poznatků (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997) by měla být taxonomie plžů přepracována tak, aby byly přirozenými skupinami pouze monofyletické taxony. Byly stanoveny nové podtřídy Eogastropoda a Orthogastropoda. V současnosti je nemožné představit systém plžů, kde současnému použití odpovídají přísné taxonomické kategorie.

[editovat] Navrhovaná taxonomie plžů (sensu Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)

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Class Gastropoda (Cuvier, 1797)
Incertæ sedis

Order Bellerophontida (fossil)
Order Mimospirina (fossil)

Subclass Eogastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1996) (earlier: Prosobranchia)

Order Euomphalida de Koninck 1881 (fossil)
- - Superfamily Macluritoidea
  - Superfamily Euomphaloidea
  - Superfamily Platyceratoidea
Order Patellogastropoda Lindberg, 1986 (true limpets)
- Suborder Patellina Van Ihering, 1876
  - Superfamily Patelloidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Suborder Nacellina Lindberg, 1988
  - Superfamily Acmaeoidea Carpenter, 1857
  - Superfamily Nacelloidea Thiele, 1891
- Suborder Lepetopsina McLean, 1990
  - Superfamily Lepetopsoidea McLean, 1990

Subclass Orthogastropoda Ponder & Lindberg, 1996 (earlier Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia)
Incertæ sedis

Order Murchisoniina Cox & Knight, 1960 (fossil)
- - Superfamily Murchisonioidea Koken, 1889
  - Superfamily Loxonematoidea Koken, 1889
  - Superfamily Lophospiroidea Wenz, 1938
  - Superfamily Straparollinoidea
- Grade Subulitoidea Lindström, 1884

Superorder Cocculiniformia Haszprunar, 1987

- - Superfamily Cocculinoidea Dall, 1882
  - Superfamily Lepetelloidea Dall, 1882 (deep sea limpets)

Superorder ‘Hot Vent Taxa' Ponder & Lindberg, 1997

Order Neomphaloida Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1983
- - Superfamily Neomphaloidea McLean, 1981 (hydrothermal vents limpets)
  - Superfamily Peltospiroidea McLean, 1989

Superorder Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1989 (limpets)

- - Superfamily Fissurelloidea Fleming, 1822 (keyhole limpets)
  - Superfamily Haliotoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (abalones)
  - Superfamily Lepetodriloidea McLean, 1988 (hydrothermal vent limpets)
  - Superfamily Pleurotomarioidea Swainson, 1840 (slit shells)
  - Superfamily Seguenzioidea Verrill, 1884
  - Superfamily Trochoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (top shells)

Superorder Neritaemorphi Koken, 1896

Order Cyrtoneritomorpha (fossil)
Order Neritopsina Cox & Knight, 1960
- - Superfamily Neritoidea Lamarck, 1809

Superorder Caenogastropoda Cox, 1960

Order Architaenioglossa Haller, 1890
- - Superfamily Ampullarioidea J.E. Gray, 1824
  - Superfamily Cyclophoroidea J.E. Gray, 1847 (terrestrials)
Order Sorbeoconcha Ponder & Lindberg, 1997
- Suborder Discopoda P. Fischer, 1884
  - Superfamily Campaniloidea Douvillé, 1904
  - Superfamily Cerithioidea Férussac, 1822
- Suborder Hypsogastropoda Ponder & Lindberg, 1997
- Infraorder Littorinimorpha Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975
  - Superfamily Calyptraeoidea Lamarck, 1809
  - Superfamily Capuloidea J. Fleming, 1822
  - Superfamily Carinarioidea Blainville, 1818 (formerly called Heteropoda)
  - Superfamily Cingulopsoidea Fretter & Patil, 1958
  - Superfamily Cypraeoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (cowries)
  - Superfamily Ficoidea Meek, 1864
  - Superfamily Laubierinoidea Warén & Bouchet, 1990
  - Superfamily Littorinoidea (Children), 1834 (periwinkles)
  - Superfamily Naticoidea Forbes, 1838 (moon shells)
  - Superfamily Rissooidea J.E. Gray, 1847 (Risso shells) (includes genus oncomelania, schistosomiasis transmission vector)
  - Superfamily Stromboidea Rafinesque, 1815 (true conchs)
  - Superfamily Tonnoidea Suter, 1913
  - Superfamily Trivioidea Troschel, 1863
  - Superfamily Vanikoroidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  - Superfamily Velutinoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  - Superfamily Vermetoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (worm shells)
  - Superfamily Xenophoroidea Troschel, 1852 (carrier shells)
- Infraorder Ptenoglossa J.E. Gray, 1853
  - Superfamily Eulimoidea Philippi, 1853
  - Superfamily Janthinoidea Lamarck, 1812
  - Superfamily Triphoroidea J.E. Gray, 1847
- Infraorder Neogastropoda Thiele, 1929
  - Superfamily Buccinoidea (whelks, false tritions)
  - Superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes & Hanley, 1851
  - Superfamily Conoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Muricoidea Rafinesque, 1815

Superorder Heterobranchia J.E. Gray, 1840

Order Heterostropha P. Fischer, 1885
- - Superfamily Architectonicoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  - Superfamily Nerineoidea Zittel, 1873 (fossil)
  - Superfamily Omalogyroidea G.O. Sars, 1878
  - Superfamily Pyramidelloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  - Superfamily Rissoelloidea J.E. Gray, 1850
  - Superfamily Valvatoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
Order Opisthobranchia Milne-Edwards, 1848
- Suborder Cephalaspidea P. Fischer, 1883
  - Superfamily Acteonoidea D'Orbigny, 1835
  - Superfamily Bulloidea Lamarck, 1801
  - Superfamily Cylindrobulloidea Thiele, 1931 (has to be included in the Sacoglossa)
  - Superfamily Diaphanoidea Odhner, 1914
  - Superfamily Haminoeoidea Pilsbry, 1895
  - Superfamily Philinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850
  - Superfamily Ringiculoidea Philippi, 1853
- Suborder Sacoglossa Von Ihering, 1876
  - Superfamily Oxynooidea H. & A. Adams, 1854
- Suborder Anaspidea P. Fischer, 1883 (sea hares)
  - Superfamily Akeroidea Pilsbry, 1893
  - Superfamily Aplysioidea Lamarck, 1809
- Suborder Notaspidea P. Fischer, 1883
  - Superfamily Tylodinoidea J.E. Gray, 1847
  - Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea Férussac, 1822
- Suborder Thecosomata Blainville, 1824 (sea butterflies)
  - Infraorder Euthecosomata
    - Superfamily Limacinoidea
    - Superfamily Cavolinioidea
  - Infraorder Pseudothecosomata
    - Superfamily Peraclidoidea
    - Superfamily Cymbulioidea
- Suborder Gymnosomata Blainville, 1824 (sea angels)
  - Family Clionidae Rafinesque, 1815
  - Family Cliopsidae Costa, 1873
  - Family Hydromylidae Pruvot-Fol, 1942
  - Family Laginiopsidae Pruvot-Fol, 1922
  - Family Notobranchaeidae Pelseneer, 1886
  - Family Pneumodermatidae Latreille, 1825
  - Family Thliptodontidae Kwietniewski, 1910

Clausiliidae or Door Snails

- Suborder Nudibranchia Blainville, 1814 (nudibranchs)
- Infraorder Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819
  - Superfamily Doridoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Doridoxoidea Bergh, 1900
  - Superfamily Onchidoridoidea Alder & Hancock, 1845
  - Superfamily Polyceroidea Alder & Hancock, 1845
- Infraorder Cladobranchia Willan & Morton, 1984
  - Superfamily Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845
  - Superfamily Arminoidea Rafinesque, 1814
  - Superfamily Metarminoidea Odhner in Franc, 1968
  - Superfamily Aeolidioidea J.E. Gray, 1827
Order Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 (pulmonates)
- Suborder Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
  - Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
  - Superfamily Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
- Suborder Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 (freshwater pulmonates, pond snails)
  - Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
  - Superfamily Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  - Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
  - Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
  - Superfamily Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- Suborder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
- Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 (= formerly Archaeopulmonata)
  - Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
- Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
  - Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
- Infraorder Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 (land snails)
- Subinfraorder Orthurethra
  - Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
  - Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
  - Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
  - Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
- Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
  - Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
  - Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
  - Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
  - Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
  - Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
  - Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
  - Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
  - Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
  - Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
  - Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
  - Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
  - Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
  - Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
  - Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
  - Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
  - Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
  - Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
  - Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
  - Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
  - Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
  - Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
  - Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
  - ? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 (= Tracheopulmonata)
  - ? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 (= Heterurethra)