Federal subjects of Russia
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Russia is a federation which consists of 86 subjects.[1] These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Russian parliament). However, they do differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. Autonomous okrugs, while federal subjects in their own right, are at the same time considered to be administrative divisions of other federal subjects (with Chukotka Autonomous Okrug being the only exception).
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[edit] Types of federal subjects of Russia
Each subject of the federation belongs to one of the following categories:
| 21 republics (республики, sing. республика; respubliki, sing. respublika)—nominally autonomous, each has its own constitution, president and parliament; is represented by the federal government in international affairs; and is meant to be home to a specific ethnic minority. | |
| 48 oblasts (provinces) (области, sing. область; oblasti, sing. oblast)—most common, regular administrative units with federally appointed governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after the oblast center—the largest city in the oblast, its administrative center. | |
| 7 krais (territories) (края, sing. край; kraya, sing. krai or kray, the latter being less common)—essentially the same as oblasts. The title "territory" is historic, originally given because they were once considered frontier regions. | |
| 1 autonomous oblast (autonomous province) (автономная область; avtonomnaya oblast)(The Jewish Autonomous Oblast) | |
| 7 autonomous okrugs (autonomous districts) (автономные округа, sing. автономный округ; avtonomnyye okruga, sing. avtonomny okrug)—more autonomous than oblasts but less than republics; usually with substantial or predominant ethnic minority. | |
| 2 federal cities (cities under direct jurisdiction of the Federation) (федеральные города, sing. федеральный город; federalnyye goroda, sing. federalny gorod)—major cities that function as separate regions. |
[edit] List of federal subjects
| No. | Abbr. | Subject of the federation | Capital city | Federal district | Economic region |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republics — республики — respubliki | |||||
| 01 | AD | Adygea (Адыгея) | Maykop (Майкоп) | Southern | North Caucasus |
| 02 | BA | Bashkortostan (Башкортостан) | Ufa (Уфа) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Urals |
| 03 | BU | Buryatia (Бурятия) | Ulan-Ude (Улан-Удэ) | Siberian | East Siberia |
| 04 | AL | Altai Republic (Алтай) | Gorno-Altaysk (Горно-Алтайск) | Siberian | West Siberia |
| 05 | DA | Dagestan (Дагестан) | Makhachkala (Махачкала) | Southern | North Caucasus |
| 06 | IN | Ingushetia (Ингушетия) | Magas (Магас) | Southern | North Caucasus |
| 07 | KB | Kabardino-Balkaria (Кабардино-Балкарская) | Nalchik (Нальчик) | Southern | North Caucasus |
| 08 | KL | Kalmykia (Калмыкия) | Elista (Элиста) | Southern | Povolzhye |
| 09 | KC | Karachay-Cherkessia (Карачаево-Черкесская) | Cherkessk (Черкесск) | Southern | North Caucasus |
| 10 | KR | Karelia (Карелия) | Petrozavodsk (Петрозаводск) | Northwestern | North |
| 11 | KO | Komi (Коми) | Syktyvkar (Сыктывкар) | Northwestern | North |
| 12 | ME | Mari El (Марий Эл) | Yoshkar-Ola (Йошкар-Ола) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Volga-Vyatka |
| 13 | MO | Mordovia (Мордовия) | Saransk (Саранск) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Volga-Vyatka |
| 14 | SA | Sakha (Yakutia) (Саха (Якутия)) | Yakutsk (Якутск) | Far Eastern | Far East |
| 15 | SE | North Ossetia-Alania (Северная Осетия-Алания) | Vladikavkaz (Владикавказ) | Southern | North Caucasus |
| 16 | TA | Tatarstan (Татарстан) | Kazan (Казань) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Povolzhye |
| 17 | TY | Tyva (Тыва) | Kyzyl (Кызыл) | Siberian | West Siberia |
| 18 | UD | Udmurtia (Удмуртская) | Izhevsk (Ижевск) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Urals |
| 19 | KK | Khakassia (Хакасия) | Abakan (Абакан) | Siberian | West Siberia |
| 20 | CE | Chechnya (Чеченская) | Grozny (Грозный) | Southern | North Caucasus |
| 21 | CU | Chuvashia (Чувашская) | Cheboksary (Чебоксары) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Volga-Vyatka |
| Territories — края — kraya | |||||
| 22 | ALT | Altai Krai (Алтайский) | Barnaul (Барнаул) | Siberian | West Siberia |
| 23 | KDA | Krasnodar (Краснодарский) | Krasnodar (Краснодар) | Southern | North Caucasus |
| 24 | KYA | Krasnoyarsk (Красноярский) | Krasnoyarsk (Красноярск) | Siberian | East Siberia |
| 25 | PRI | Primorsky (Приморский) | Vladivostok (Владивосток) | Far Eastern | Far East |
| 26 | STA | Stavropol (Ставропольский) | Stavropol (Ставрополь) | Southern | North Caucasus |
| 27 | KHA | Khabarovsk (Хабаровский) | Khabarovsk (Хабаровск) | Far Eastern | Far East |
| 90 | PER | Perm (Пермский) | Perm (Пермь) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Urals |
| Provinces — области — oblasti | |||||
| 28 | AMU | Amur (Амурская) | Blagoveshchensk (Благовещенск) | Far Eastern | Far East |
| 29 | ARK | Arkhangelsk (Архангельская) | Arkhangelsk (Архангельск) | Northwestern | North |
| 30 | AST | Astrakhan (Астраханская) | Astrakhan (Астрахань) | Southern | Povolzhye |
| 31 | BEL | Belgorod (Белгородская) | Belgorod (Белгород) | Central | Central-Chernozem |
| 32 | BRY | Bryansk (Брянская) | Bryansk (Брянск) | Central | Central |
| 33 | VLA | Vladimir (Владимирская) | Vladimir (Владимир) | Central | Central |
| 34 | VGG | Volgograd (Волгоградская) | Volgograd (Волгоград) | Southern | Povolzhye |
| 35 | VLG | Vologda (Вологодская) | Vologda (Вологда) | Northwestern | North |
| 36 | VOR | Voronezh (Воронежская) | Voronezh (Воронеж) | Central | Central-Chernozem |
| 37 | IVA | Ivanovo (Ивановская) | Ivanovo (Иваново) | Central | Central |
| 38 | IRK | Irkutsk (Иркутская) | Irkutsk (Иркутск) | Siberian | East Siberia |
| 39 | KGD | Kaliningrad (Калининградская) | Kaliningrad (Калининград) | Northwestern | Northwest |
| 40 | KLU | Kaluga (Калужская) | Kaluga (Калуга) | Central | Central |
| 41 | KAM | Kamchatka (Камчатская) | Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Петропавловск-Камчатский) | Far Eastern | Far East |
| 42 | KEM | Kemerovo (Кемеровская) | Kemerovo (Кемерово) | Siberian | West Siberia |
| 43 | KIR | Kirov (Кировская) | Kirov (Киров) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Volga-Vyatka |
| 44 | KOS | Kostroma (Костромская) | Kostroma (Кострома) | Central | Central |
| 45 | KGN | Kurgan (Курганская) | Kurgan (Курган) | Urals | Urals |
| 46 | KRS | Kursk (Курская) | Kursk (Курск) | Central | Central-Chernozem |
| 47 | LEN | Leningrad (Ленинградская) | St. Petersburg (Санкт-Петербург) | Northwestern | Northwest |
| 48 | LIP | Lipetsk (Липецкая) | Lipetsk (Липецк) | Central | Central-Chernozem |
| 49 | MAG | Magadan (Магаданская) | Magadan (Магадан) | Far Eastern | Far East |
| 50 | MOS | Moscow (Московская) | Moscow (Москва) | Central | Central |
| 51 | MUR | Murmansk (Мурманская) | Murmansk (Мурманск) | Northwestern | North |
| 52 | NIZ | Nizhny Novgorod (Нижегородская) | Nizhny Novgorod (Нижний Новгород) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Volga-Vyatka |
| 53 | NGR | Novgorod (Новгородская) | Novgorod (Новгород) | Northwestern | Northwest |
| 54 | NVS | Novosibirsk (Новосибирская) | Novosibirsk (Новосибирск) | Siberian | West Siberia |
| 55 | OMS | Omsk (Омская) | Omsk (Омск) | Siberian | West Siberia |
| 56 | ORE | Orenburg (Оренбургская) | Orenburg (Оренбург) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Urals |
| 57 | ORL | Oryol (Орловская) | Oryol (Орёл) | Central | Central |
| 58 | PNZ | Penza (Пензенская) | Penza (Пенза) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Povolzhye |
| 60 | PSK | Pskov (Псковская) | Pskov (Псков) | Northwestern | Northwest |
| 61 | ROS | Rostov (Ростовская) | Rostov-na-Donu (Ростов) | Southern | North Caucasus |
| 62 | RYA | Ryazan (Рязанская) | Ryazan (Рязань) | Central | Central |
| 63 | SAM | Samara (Самарская) | Samara (Самара) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Povolzhye |
| 64 | SAR | Saratov (Саратовская) | Saratov (Саратов) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Povolzhye |
| 65 | SAK | Sakhalin (Сахалинская) | Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Южно-Сахалинск) | Far Eastern | Far East |
| 66 | SVE | Sverdlovsk (Свердловская) | Yekaterinburg (Екатеринбург) | Urals | Urals |
| 67 | SMO | Smolensk (Смоленская) | Smolensk (Смоленск) | Central | Central |
| 68 | TAM | Tambov (Тамбовская) | Tambov (Тамбов) | Central | Central-Chernozem |
| 69 | TVE | Tver (Тверская) | Tver (Тверь) | Central | Central |
| 70 | TOM | Tomsk (Томская) | Tomsk (Томск) | Siberian | West Siberia |
| 71 | TUL | Tula (Тульская) | Tula (Тула) | Central | Central |
| 72 | TYU | Tyumen (Тюменская) | Tyumen (Тюмень) | Urals | West Siberia |
| 73 | ULY | Ulyanovsk (Ульяновская) | Ulyanovsk (Ульяновск) | Privolzhsky (Volga) | Povolzhye |
| 74 | CHE | Chelyabinsk (Челябинская) | Chelyabinsk (Челябинск) | Urals | Urals |
| 75 | CHI | Chita (Читинская) | Chita (Чита) | Siberian | East Siberia |
| 76 | YAR | Yaroslavl (Ярославская) | Yaroslavl (Ярославль) | Central | Central |
| Federal cities — федеральные города — federalnyye goroda | |||||
| 77 | MOW | Moscow (Москва) | Central | Central | |
| 78 | SPE | St. Petersburg (Санкт-Петербург) | Northwestern | Northwest | |
| Autonomous oblast — автономная область — avtonomnaya oblast | |||||
| 79 | YEV | Jewish (Еврейская) | Birobidzhan (Биробиджан) | Far Eastern | Far East |
| Autonomous okrugs — автономные округа — avtonomnyye okruga | |||||
| 80 | AGB | Aga Buryatia (Агинский-Бурятский) | Aginskoye (Агинское) | Siberian | East Siberia |
| 82 | KOR | Koryakia (Корякский) | Palana (Палана) | Far Eastern | Far East |
| 83 | NEN | Nenetsia (Ненецкий) | Naryan-Mar (Нарьян-Мар) | Northwestern | North |
| 85 | UOB | Ust-Orda Buryatia (Усть-Ордынский Бурятский) | Ust-Ordynsky (Усть-Ордынский) | Siberian | East Siberia |
| 86 | KHM | Khantia-Mansia (Ханты-Мансийский) | Khanty-Mansiysk (Ханты-Мансийск) | Urals | West Siberia |
| 87 | CHU | Chukotka (Чукотский) | Anadyr (Анадырь) | Far Eastern | Far East |
| 89 | YAN | Yamalia (Ямало-Ненецкий) | Salekhard (Салехард) | Urals | West Siberia |
[edit] Mergers
Plans exist to merge some of the federal subjects into larger territories, starting in 2005.
| Date of referendum | Date of merger | Merger |
|---|---|---|
| December 7, 2003 | December 1, 2005 | Perm Oblast + Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug → Perm Krai |
| April 17, 2005 | January 1, 2007 | Krasnoyarsk Krai + Evenk Autonomous Okrug + Taymyr Autonomous Okrug → Krasnoyarsk Krai |
| October 23, 2005 | July 1, 2007 | Kamchatka Oblast + Koryak Autonomous Okrug → Kamchatka Krai |
| April 16, 2006 | January 1, 2008 | Irkutsk Oblast + Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug → Irkutsk Oblast |
| March 11, 2007 | 1 March 2008 | Chita Oblast + Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug → Zabaykalsky Krai |
Further proposals include:
- merging Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug;
- merging Khabarovsk Krai and Jewish Autonomous Oblast;
- merging Tyumen Oblast, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug into Tyumen Krai;
- merging Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, and Tomsk Oblast;
- merging Kemerovo Oblast, Altai Republic, and Altai Krai;
- merging Republic of Adygea into Krasnodar Krai;
- merging the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg with the oblasts surrounding them (Moscow and Leningrad Oblast, respectively);
- merging Republic of Buryatia, Irkutsk Oblast and Zabaykalsky Krai into Baykalsky Krai;
- merging Arkhangelsk, Murmansk Oblast, and the Komi Republic join the new subject under the into proposed Northern/Arctic Krai or a Republic of Pomor-Nenets.
[edit] See also
- History of the administrative division of Russia
- Subdivisions of Russia
- Federal districts of Russia
- Economic regions of Russia
- Flags of Federal subjects of Russia
- List of heads of federal subjects of Russia
[edit] Reference
- ^ Конституция Российской Федерации, Статья 65 (Constitution of Russia, Article 65) (Russian)
