保羅·克利
维基百科，自由的百科全书
| 保羅·克利 | |
| 出生 | {{{date_of_birth}}} |
| 國籍 | 德國／瑞士 |
| 領域 | 繪畫 |
| 訓練 | 慕尼黑美術學校 |
| 相關活動 | 表現主義 立體主義 超現實主義 |
| 代表作 | 很多知名的作品，包括：Fish Magic（魚的魔術）、 Zitronen,和 Viaducts Break Ranks。 |
保羅·克利（1879年12月18日-1940年6月29日），是一個德國國籍的瑞士裔畫家。他曾在慕尼黑美術學校習畫，並制作了許多以黑白為主的版畫和綫畫。後來，成為一位彩色畫的畫家，創作出極為優異的作品，畫風被超現實主義、立體主義和表現主義大大影響。他也曾執教於魏瑪，德索和杜索道夫等地。他對色彩的變化有獨特的鑒賞力，成熟時期的作品更大量采用多種多樣的混合媒材，比如沙子或木屑等，創作出具有特別張力畫作。他和他的朋友，俄國畫家康丁斯基，都是當時包浩斯的名師。
目录 |
[编辑] 生平與作品
克利出生於瑞士伯恩附近的Münchenbuchsee，那是一個音樂世家，他的爸爸Hans Klee在伯恩附近的Hofwil Teacher Seminar當音樂教師。克利很早就開始他的音樂與藝術之路；他七歲的時候開始拉小提琴，在八歲的時候他的奶奶給他一盒粉筆，並時常鼓勵他畫畫，克利兩者都可以做的跟成人一樣好。他小時候想成為一個音樂家，但是在他年輕的時候決定了視覺藝術這條路。克利與Heinrich Knirr和Franz von Stuck一起在慕尼黑美術學校修習藝術。在一趟義大利之旅結束之後返回伯恩，並定居在慕尼黑，在那裡他認識了康丁斯基、弗兰茨·马尔克與其他前衛藝術家，且與Der Blaue Reiter合作。他也在那裡認識了他的妻子，巴伐利亚籍的鋼琴家Lily Stumpf，育有一子。
In 1914, he visited Tunisia with August Macke and Louis Moilliet, and was impressed by the quality of the light there, writing "Colour has taken possession of me; no longer do I have to chase after it, I know that it has hold of me forever ... Colour and I are one. I am a painter." Klee also visited Italy (1901), and Egypt (1928), both of which greatly influenced his art. Klee influenced the work of other noted artists of the early 20th century including Belgian printmaker Rene Carcan.
Klee worked with many different types of media – oil paint, watercolor, ink, and more. He often combined them into one work. He has been variously associated with expressionism, cubism and surrealism but his pictures are difficult to classify. They often have a fragile child-like quality to them, and are usually on a small scale. They frequently allude to poetry, music and dreams and sometimes include words or musical notation. The later works are distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like symbols. His better known works include Southern (Tunisian) Gardens (1919), Ad Parnassum (1932), and Embrace (1939).
Following World War I, in which he painted camouflage on airplanes for the imperial German army, Klee taught at the Bauhaus, and from 1931 at the Düsseldorf Academy, before being denounced by the Nazi Party for producing "degenerate art" in 1933. The degenerate art exhibit catalogues had even called Klee's work "the work of a sick mind".
Composer Gunther Schuller also immortalized seven works of Klee's in his Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee. The studies are based on a range of works, including Alter Klang [Antique Harmonies], Abstraktes Terzett [Abstract Trio], Little Blue Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, Ein unheimlicher Moment [An Eerie Moment], and Pastorale.
Another of Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was the object of an interpretive text by German philosopher and literary critic Walter Benjamin: In it, Benjamin suggests that the angel depicted in the painting might be seen as representing progress in history. In 1933, Paul Klee returned to Switzerland; in 1935, he began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed as scleroderma after his death. The progression of his fatal case of the disease can be followed through the art he created in his last years.
He died in Muralto, Switzerland, in 1940 without having obtained Swiss citizenship. When Paul Klee died at age sixty, he left at least 8926 works of art. The words on his tombstone say; "I belong not only to this life. I live as well with the dead, as with those not born. Nearer to the heart of creation than others. But still too far." Today, a painting by Paul Klee can sell for as much as US$7.5 million. A museum dedicated to Paul Klee was built in Berne, Switzerland, by the Italian architect Renzo Piano. It opened in June 2005 and houses a collection of about 4000 works by Paul Klee.
[编辑] 克利和他的顏色
Throughout his career Paul Klee has used color in a variety of unique and diverse means, in a relationship that has progressed and evolved in a variety ways. For an artist that loved so much of the natural world, it seems rather odd that Klee originally despised color, believing that it was in itself, little more than a decoration to a work.
The many early critical comments he made concerning color were filled with loathing and resistance, a reaction to his struggle to paint and work with it. He was however often forced to use color in a variety of early projects, and upon close examination it is evident that his skill at using color seems to be well established. It is well documented that Klee’s early pieces that do use color suggest this frustration is more of a self-doubt, rather than a reflection of his skill and talent. Nonetheless, Klee would for some time, remain distant in using color in his own works.
Eventually, Klee would learn to manipulate color with great skill, ironically coming to teach lessons on color mixing and color theory to students at the Bauhaus. This progression in itself is of great interest because his views on color would ultimately allow him to write about it from a unique viewpoint among his contemporaries.
Bolkly is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt, which was named after the Paul Klee.[來源請求]
[编辑] 備註
- ^ Paul Klee's father was a German citizen; his mother was Swiss. Citizenship is determined according to Swiss law along paternal lines, and thus Paul inherited his father's German citizenship. He even served in the German army during World War I. However, Paul grew up in Berne, Switzerland, and returned there often, even before his final emigration from Germany in 1933. He died before his application for Swiss citizenship was processed.[1][2]
[编辑] 參見
- ↑ Fayal, M.: Paul Klee: A man made in Switzerland, swissinfo, May 25, 2005. URL last accessed 2006-09-05.
- ↑ Zentrum Paul Klee: A Swiss without a red passport. URL last accessed 2006-09-05.
