荷兰经济

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The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy, which depends heavily on foreign trade. The economy is noted for stable industrial relations, moderate unemployment and inflation, a sizable current account surplus, and an important role as a European transportation hub. Industrial activity is predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 2% of the labour force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Netherlands, along with 11 of its EU partners, began circulating the euro currency on 1 January 2002. The country is one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment.

At this moment the Netherlands is the 16th largest economy of the world. (see: List of countries by GDP (nominal)) Between 1998 and 2000 annual economic growth (GDP) averaged nearly 4%, well above the European average. Growth slowed considerably in 2001-05 as part of the global economic slowdown, but the second quarter of 2006 showed a promising 2.8%. Growth will likely exceed 3% both in 2006 and 2007. Inflation is 1.3% and is expected to stay low at about 1.5% in the coming years. According to the definition used by the Dutch Statistics Agency CBS, unemployment is at 5.5% of the labor force. By Eurostat standards however, unemployment in the Netherlands is at only 3.8% - the lowest rate of all EU member states. (all figures: June 2006)

The stern financial policies of the Balkenende cabinets, which are often identified with finance minister Gerrit Zalm, have led to a deficit of only 0.3% of GDP in 2005, coming from 2.1% in 2004. The deficit is expected to show a small rise to 0.5% in 2006, and slight surplus in 2007. In 2006 public debt stood at 51% of GDP and is expected to fall below 50% in 2007 for the first time in 25 years, down from over 80% in the early nineties.

The Netherlands is member of the European Union, the OECD and the World Trade Organisation

[编辑] Government Role

While the private sector is the cornerstone of the Dutch economy, governments at different levels have a large part to play. Public spending, including social security transfer payments, is at 47.9% of GDP (2005). Total tax revenue was 37,5% of GDP (2005), which is below the EU average. In addition to its own spending, the government plays a significant role through the permit requirements and regulations pertaining to almost every aspect of economic activity. The government combines a rigorous and stable microeconomic policy with wide-ranging structural and regulatory reforms. The government has gradually reduced its role in the economy since the 1980s. Privatisation and deregulation is still continuing. With regards to social and economic policy, the government cooperates with its so called social partners (trade unions and employers' organizations). The three parties come together in the Social-Economic Council (‘Sociaal Economische Raad’), the main platform for social dialogue.

[编辑] 贸易与投资

荷兰的商品贸易占其GDP的三分之一。对外贸易顺差高达€315亿欧元左右（2005年）。出口市场中德国占25.1%，比利时占12.2%，而法国和英国均为9.4%（2005年）。进口市场中，德国占17%，比利时9.4%，中国紧随其后占8.8%，美国占7.8%（2004年）。综合来看不管是进口还是出口德国都是荷兰最重要的贸易伙伴。

荷兰的外资主要来自美国，占18.5%，英国次之占14.1%，德国12.0%，比利时10.1%。

[编辑] 经济部分

荷兰服务业超过一半的国有收入来自运输、销售、物流和金融领域，例如银行保险业。工业部分，包括矿业、约占国有产业的20%的金属加工业、石油提炼、化工业和食品加工业。建筑业约占荷兰经济的6%，农业、渔业和一些荷兰传统产业却仅占2%。

[编辑] Energy

While its oil reserves in the North Sea are of little importance, the Netherlands is presently the second-greatest natural gas producer in the European Union and the ninth-greatest in the world, accounting for more than 30% of EU total annual gas production and about 2.7% of the annual world total. Proved natural gas reserves of the Netherlands are estimated (as of January 2005) at about 50-60 trillion cubic feet, or about 0.9% of the world total. Although the Netherlands owns substantial gas reserves in the North Sea, most of its production is presently from on-shore wells, and much of the natural gas produced by the Netherlands comes from Groningen Province, which borders the North Sea. Consumption of natural gas in the Netherlands is only about two-thirds of its production; the rest is exported and the Netherlands is presently the world's fifth-greatest natural gas exporter. Partly as a result of this large reserve of natural gas, nuclear power accounts for only 3.8% of the country’s electricity production.

[编辑] 参考

荷兰

[编辑] 外部链接

经济合作发展组织（OECD）
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