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轨道周期

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轨道周期指一颗行星(或其他天体)环绕轨道一周需要的时间。

环绕太阳运行的星体有几种不同的轨道周期:

  • 恒星周期是一颗行星环绕恒星公转一整圈回到轨道上原来的位置所需要的时间。这是一颗行星真正的轨道周期。
  • 公转周期是一颗行星环绕恒星公转一整圈回到从地球的角度观察到的天球上原来的位置所需要的时间。这是一颗行星在回到轨道起点之间的间隔。公转周期与恒星周期之所以不同是因为地球本身也环绕着太阳公转。
  • 交点周期是一颗行星环绕恒星公转一整圈两次经过交点之间所需要的时间。一颗行星的交点是它从南半天球跨越黄道进入北半天球的那一点。交点周期与公转周期之所以不同是因为一颗行星的交点线会慢慢地由岁差而移动。
  • 近点周期是一颗行星环绕恒星公转一整圈两次经过近恒点之间所需要的时间。一颗行星的近恒点是它轨道上最接近恒星的那一点。近点周期与公转周期之所以不同是因为一颗行星的副轴会慢慢地由岁差而移动。
  • 回归周期是一颗行星环绕恒星公转一整圈两次经过赤经0度之间所需要的时间。回归周期比公转周期稍短一些,因为春分点会慢慢地由岁差而移动。

目录

[编辑] 恒星周期和交会周期的关系

哥白尼导出一个数学公式,通过交会周期计算恒星周期。

常用缩写

E = 地球的恒星周期
P = 其它行星球的恒星年
S = 其它行星的回归周期

在时间S内,地球向前移动角度是(360°/ES(假设为圆形轨道),星星移动的角度是(360°/P)S.

如果天体是一颗内部行星,就是说它环绕太阳公转一整圈所需要的时间比地球短:

\frac{S}{P} 360^\circ = \frac{S}{E} 360^\circ + 360^\circ

使用代数来简化:

P = \frac1{\frac1E + \frac1S}

如果天体是一颗外部行星,就是说它环绕太阳公转一整圈所需要的时间比地球长:

\frac{S}{P} 360^\circ = \frac{S}{E} 360^\circ - 360^\circ

使用代数来简化:

P = \frac1{\frac1E - \frac1S}


从地球和天体角速度的差异来看,这两个公式非常容易理解。天体的视角速度等于它的角速度减去地球的角速度,而恒星周期就是一个圆周除以这个天体的视角速度。

太阳系各行星相对地球的交会周期:

  恒星周期 () 公转周期 (年) 公转周期 ()
水星 0.241 0.317 115.9
金星 0.615 1.599 583.9
地球 1
月球 0.0748 0.0809 29.5306
火星 1.881 2.135 780.0
谷神星 4.600 1.278 466.7
木星 11.87 1.092 398.9
土星 29.45 1.035 378.1
天王星 84.07 1.012 369.7
海王星 164.9 1.006 367.5
冥王星 248.1 1.004 366.7

In the case of a planet's moon, the synodic period usually means the Sun-synodic period. That is to say, the time it takes the moon to run its phases, coming back to the same solar aspect angle for an observer on the planet's surface —the Earth's motion does not affect this value, because an Earth observer is not involved. For example, 火卫二' synodic period is 1.2648 days, 0.18% longer than Deimos' sidereal period of 1.2624 d.

[编辑] 计算

[编辑] 小天体绕中心天体运转

天文学中绕中心天体在圆形或者椭圆轨道上运转的小天体轨道周期为:

T = 2\pi\sqrt{a^3/\mu}
\mu = GM \, (标准引力参数)

其中:

  • a\, 是轨道半长轴长度,
  • G \,引力常数,
  • M \, 是中心天体质量

Note that for all ellipses with a given semi-major axis, the orbital period is the same, regardless of eccentricity.

For the Earth (and any other spherically symmetric body with the same average density) as central body we get

T = 1.4 \sqrt{(a/R)^3}

and for a body of water

T = 3.3 \sqrt{(a/R)^3}

T小时, R 天体半径

Thus, as an alternative for using a very small number like G, the strength of universal gravity can be described using some reference material, like water: the orbital period for an orbit just above the surface of a spherical body of water is 3 hours and 18 minutes. Conversely, this can be used as a kind of "universal" unit of time.

若太阳为中心天体,我们简单的设

T = \sqrt{a^3}

T 单位年, a表示距离天文单位. 等同于开普勒第三定律

[编辑] 双星

天体力学中 when both orbiting bodies' masses have to be taken into account the orbital period P\, can be calculated as follows:

P = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{a^3}{G \left(M_1 + M_2\right)}}

其中:

  • a\, is the sum of the 半长轴 of the ellipses in which the centers of the bodies move, or equivalently, the semi-major axis of the ellipse in which one body moves, in the frame of reference with the other body at the origin (which is equal to their constant separation for circular orbits),
  • M_1\, and M_2\, 是天体质量,
  • G\,引力常数.

Note that the orbital period is independent of size: for a scale model it would be the same, when densities are the same (see also Orbit#Scaling in gravity).

In a parabolic or hyperbolic trajectory the motion is not periodic, and the duration of the full trajectory is infinite.

[编辑] 参看

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