Bronchitis

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**Bronchitis**
*Classification & external resources*
ICD-10	J 20.-J 21.
ICD-9	490-491

Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (medium-size airways) in the lungs. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses or bacteria and may last several days or weeks. Chronic bronchitis is not necessarily caused by infection and is generally part of a syndrome called COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); it is defined clinically as a persistent cough that produces sputum (phlegm), for at least three months in two consecutive years. The remainder of this article deals with acute bronchitis only.

Acute bronchitis is characterized by cough and sputum (phlegm) production and symptoms related to the obstruction of the airways by the inflamed airways and the phlegm, such as shortness of breath and wheeze. Diagnosis is by clinical examination and sometimes microbiological examination of the phlegm. Treatment may be with antibiotics (if a bacterial infection is suspected), bronchodilators (to relieve breathlessness) and other treatments.

1 Signs and symptoms
2 Diagnosis
3 Pathophysiology
4 Treatment
5 Prognosis
6 Prevention
7 History
8 References
9 External links

[edit] Signs and symptoms

Bronchitis may be indicated by an expectorating cough (the color of the mucus does not signify whether the infection is viral or bacterial)^{[citation needed]}, dyspnea (shortness of breath) and wheeze, fever, and occasionally chest pains, fatigue and/or malaise.

[edit] Diagnosis

A physical examination will often reveal decreased intensity of breath sounds, wheeze (rhonchi) and prolonged expiration. Most doctors rely on the presence of a persistent dry or wet cough as evidence of bronchitis.

A variety tests may be performed in patients presenting with cough and shortness of breath:

A chest X-ray that reveals hyperinflation; collapse and consolidation of lung areas would support a diagnosis of pneumonia. Some conditions that predispose to bronchitis may be indicated by chest radiography.
A sputum sample showing neutrophil granulocytes (inflammatory white blood cells) and culture showing that has pathogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus spp.
A blood test would indicate inflammation (as indicated by a raised white blood cell count and elevated C-reactive protein)

[edit] Pathophysiology

Acute bronchitis often follows a cold or infection. The earliest clinical feature of bronchitis is increased secretion of mucus by submucosal glands of the trachea and bronchi. Damage caused by irritation of the airways leads to inflammation and infiltration of the lung tissue by neutrophils. The neutrophils release substances that promote mucosal hypersecretion.

[edit] Treatment

In most cases, acute bronchitis is caused by viruses, not bacteria and it will go away on its own after a few days without antibiotics. To treat acute bronchitis that appears to be caused by a bacterial infection, or as a precaution, antibiotics may be given.^[1]

To help the bronchial tree heal faster and not make bronchitis worse, smokers should cut down on the number of cigarettes they smoke, or quit altogether.^[2]

[edit] Prognosis

Acute bronchitis usually lasts approximately 10 or 11 days. It may accompany or closely follow a cold or the flu, or it may arrive unaccompanied by any other condition. It is contagious, and it starts out with a dry cough, frequently waking the sufferer up at night. After a few days it progresses to a wetter, productive cough, which may be accompanied by a low grade fever, fatigue, and headache. The fever, fatigue, and malaise may last only a few days, but the wet cough may last up to several weeks. For some people, the cough may last as long as a few months as the bronchial tubes heal slowly.^{[citation needed]}

Should the cough last longer than a month, some doctors may issue a referral to an otolaryngologist to see if a cause other than bronchitis is causing the irritation. It is possible that having irritated bronchial tubes for as long as a few months may inspire asthmatic conditions in some patients.

In addition, if one starts coughing mucus tinged with blood, one should see a doctor. In rare cases, doctors may conduct tests to see if the cause is a serious condition such as tuberculosis or lung cancer.

[edit] Prevention

In those at risk for bronchitis, vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) may reduce the risk of acute bronchitis.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] History

Bronchitis was originally named and described by Charles Bedham in 1808.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] References

^ The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Bronchitis. February 2003. Accessed 20 March 2007.
^ The American Academy of Family Physicians: Acute Bronchitis. January 2006. Accessed 20 March 2007.