Carlos the Jackal

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Ilich Ramírez Sánchez (born October 12, 1949) is a Venezuelan-born self-proclaimed leftist revolutionary and mercenary. He was given a nom de guerre Carlos when he became a member of the leftist PFLP (Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine). After several bungled bombings, Sánchez obtained notoriety for a 1975 raid on the OPEC headquarters, resulting in the deaths of three people. For many years he was among the most wanted international fugitives. He is now serving life imprisonment in France.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Terrorist career 3 Arrest and Imprisonment 4 The Jackal in fiction 5 In other popular culture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Early life

Sánchez was born in Caracas. His father, a Marxist lawyer, gave him the forename Ilich, after Lenin's patronym. He was educated at a local school in Caracas and joined the youth movement of the national communist party in 1959. Apart from his native Spanish, he reportedly speaks Arabic and Russian, as well as English and French. After attending the Third Tricontinental in January, 1966, with his father, he spent the following summer at Camp Matanzas, a guerrilla warfare school run by the Cuban DGI located near Havana. Later that year, after the divorce of his parents, his mother took him and his brother to London to continue their studies in Stafford House Tutorial College in Kensington. In 1968 his father tried to take him and his brother Lenin to Sorbonne University but eventually opted for Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow. He was expelled from the university in 1970.

Apparently he traveled from there to a guerrilla training camp run by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in Amman, Jordan. It was there that he gained the pseudonym Carlos. He claimed to have fought alongside the PFLP members as they resisted the Jordanian government's efforts to expel them in 1970. When he did leave Jordan it was for London where he attended courses at the London School of Economics and apparently worked for the PFLP.

Carlos was given the "Jackal" moniker by the press when the Frederick Forsyth novel The Day of the Jackal was reportedly found among his belongings. Although the book actually belonged to someone else, the nickname stuck.

[edit] Terrorist career

In 1973 Carlos performed his first criminal act for the PFLP, a failed assassination attempt on Jewish businessman Joseph Sieff prompted by the Mossad assassination of Mohamed Boudia, a theatre director accused of being a PFLP leader, in Paris. Ramírez Sánchez also admits responsibility for a failed bomb attack on the Bank Hapoalim in London and car bomb attacks on three French newspapers which were accused of pro-Israeli leanings. He claimed to be the grenade thrower at a Parisian restaurant in an attack that killed two and injured thirty. He later participated in two failed rocket propelled grenade attacks on El Al airliners at Orly Airport near Paris, France on January 13 and 17, 1975.

On June 27, 1975 Ramírez Sánchez's PFLP contact, Lebanon-born Michel Moukharbal, was captured and successfully interrogated. When three policemen tried to apprehend Ramírez Sánchez at a house in Paris in the middle of a party, he shot two detectives, fled the scene, and managed to escape through Brussels to Beirut. It was later revealed that Michel Moukharbal had been secretly working for the Mossad.

From Beirut, Carlos participated in the planning for the attack on the headquarters of OPEC in Vienna. In December 1975 he led the four-person team (which included Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann) that assaulted the meeting of OPEC leaders and took over sixty hostages. On December 22 the rebels and forty-two hostages were given an airliner and flown to Algiers, where thirty hostages were freed, the DC-9 was then flown on to Tripoli where more hostages were freed before flying back to Algiers where the remaining hostages were freed and the rebels were granted asylum. Ramírez Sánchez soon left Algeria for Libya and then Aden where he attended a meeting of senior PFLP officials to justify his failure to execute two senior OPEC hostages, finance minister of Iran Jamshid Amuzgar and the oil minister of Saudi Arabia, Ahmed Zaki Yamani. He might have also embezzled some of the ransom money. PFLP leader Wadi Haddad expelled him.

In September 1976 Carlos was briefly arrested in Yugoslavia and then flown to Baghdad. From there he chose to settle more permanently in Aden, where he set about forming his own group, the Organisation of Arab Armed Struggle, composed of Syrian, Lebanese and German rebels. He also formed a contact with East Germany's Stasi. At one stage, Romanian Securitate hired him to assassinate Romanian dissidents in France and destroy Radio Free Europe offices in Munich. With conditional support from the Iraqi regime and the death of Haddad, Carlos offered the services of his group to the PFLP and other groups.

The group did not perform its first acts until early in 1982, with a failed attack on a nuclear power station. When two of the group, including Magdalena Kopp, Carlos's wife, were arrested in Paris the group set off a number of bombs in retaliation against French targets. Operations in 1983 included attacks on the "Maison de France" in Berlin in August and two bombs on TGV services in December. These attacks led to pressure on European states that tolerated Ramírez Sánchez. For over two years he lived in Hungary, in Budapest's noble quarter, the second district. His main go-between for some of his money-sources like Gaddhafi or Dr. George Habash was the friend of his sister, "Dietmar C". C., a known German terrorist, was the leader of the Panther Brigade of the PFLP. Sanchez was expelled from Hungary in late 1985 and was refused aid in Iraq, Libya and Cuba before he found limited support in Syria. He settled in Damascus with Kopp and their daughter Elba Rosa.

The Syrian government forced Ramírez Sánchez to remain inactive and he was soon no longer seen as a threat but rather a pathetic figure. However in 1990 the Iraqi government approached him and in September 1991 he was expelled from Syria and eventually found a temporary home in Jordan. He found better protection in Sudan and moved to Khartoum.

During his career, most of it during the Cold War, western accounts persistently claimed he was a KGB agent but the link is tenuous at best. It is now clear that he had no part in the Munich Massacre (the attack on Israeli athletes in Munich in 1972) or the 1976 hijacking of Air France Flight 193 to Entebbe. Some attacks may have been attached to him for lack of anyone else to claim the credit. His own boasts about probably nonexistent "missions" confuse the matter even more.

[edit] Arrest and Imprisonment

The French and U.S. intelligence agencies offered a number of deals to the Sudanese authorities. The deal may have come through because the Islamic fundamentalists in Sudan were angered by Carlos's playboy attitude. In 1994, Carlos was scheduled to undergo a minor testicular operation in a hospital in Sudan. As soon as he was sedated for the procedure, French Law Enforcement Agents burst into the operating room and seized him. On August 14, 1994 he was handed over to French agents of the DST and they flew him to Paris. He was charged with the Paris murders of the two policemen and PFLP guerrilla-turned-Israeli spy Michel Moukharbal in 1975 and sent to La Santé de Paris prison to await trial.

The trial began on December 12, 1997 and ended on December 23, at which time he was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment.

He is known to have had a sporadic correspondence with Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez Frías from his prison cell. President Chávez replied, with a letter in which he addresses Carlos as "distinguished compatriot".^[1][2][3] On June 1st 2006, the president Hugo Chávez referred to him as his "friend" during a meeting of OPEC countries held in Caracas.^[4]

In June 2003, Ramírez Sánchez published a collection of writings from his jail cell. The book, whose title translates to Revolutionary Islam, seeks to explain and defend violence in terms of class conflict. In the book, he voices support for Osama bin Laden and his attacks on the United States. He also supported Saddam Hussein for resisting against the USA, calling him the "Last Arabic Knight".

Ramírez Sánchez is, as of 2004, engaged to his lawyer, Isabelle Coutant-Peyre.

In 2005, the European Court of Human Rights heard a complaint from Sánchez that his long years of solitary confinement constitute "inhuman and degrading treatment." Although the Court rejected this claim, it was on appeal as of early 2006. Sánchez is currently held in Clairvaux Prison, where he is part of the general inmate population.

[edit] The Jackal in fiction

• Frederick Forsyth wrote a novel, The Day of the Jackal, first published in 1971, in which an international assassin known only as "The Jackal" (French "le chacal") is hired to assassinate Charles De Gaulle. A copy of this novel, mistakenly thought to have belonged to Ramírez Sánchez, may be the origin of the "Jackal" nickname. Many erroneously believe that the character portrayed in that novel was based on him, which is impossible as the novel was published before Carlos came to public attention.
• In 1973, Fred Zinnemann directed a movie also named The Day of the Jackal and based on Frederick Forsyth's novel. Actor Edward Fox played the role of the assassin on a film that can be considered as a faithful adaptation of the novel.
• The 1997 film The Jackal, starring Bruce Willis, Richard Gere, and Sidney Poitier, was a remake of Zinnemann's 1973 film.
• The 1997 film The Assignment, starring Aidan Quinn, Donald Sutherland and Ben Kingsley is a fictional account of the U.S. government's efforts to hunt down Carlos very loosely based on his true story.
• In the movie True Lies, the character of Arnold Schwarzenegger, a secret agent, intimidates Bill Paxton's character by (deliberately falsely) accusing him of being a dangerous international terrorist named "Carlos the Jackal".
• In Tom Clancy's book Rainbow Six, terrorists attempt to have Carlos freed from prison by staging a terrorist attack on a Spanish amusement park. In this book Carlos is referred to by his real name (Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez) and his nickname (Carlos the Jackal) and is spoken of as a highly successful terrorist/assassin who was imprisoned after an incident similar to his actual capture. The contrast is that in the book Carlos was put under anesthetic in preparation for an operation to alter his appearance, not to perform surgery on his testicles.
• The character Lacrobat in the British sitcom Whoops Apocalypse"is a parody of him (his nick-name is The Devil.)
• Catoplus Terror, credited to Sidney Sheldon, is a novel about a former spy attempting to apprehend Carlos.
• A new biopic has been rumored to be in the works, with Spanish actor Javier Bardem as the elusive terrorist. The film is said to be helmed by maverick Brazilian director Fernando Meirelles, who directed the crime saga City of God.
• The character Carla the Jackal in the James Bond video game Agent Under Fire is a tribute to Carlos. Her character is hired to assassinate James Bond but ends up falling into a fan.
• The thrash metal band Coroner have a song called "Masked Jackal" about Carlos.
• Carlos the Jackal figures prominently in Robert Ludlum's Bourne Trilogy. In the Trilogy Carlos is depicted as the world's most dangerous assassin, a man with international contacts that allow him to strike efficiently and anonymously at locations anywhere on the globe. His actual name (Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez) is used and details - a mixture of fact and fiction - are given about his upbringing and training, including the fictional account that he trained with Russian intelligence at Novgorod. In the Trilogy he keeps residence in France disguised as a priest, protected by a close network of contacts. In the Bourne Identity a relatively small amount is revealed about him but he factors prominently in the plot of the book because the title character, Jason Bourne, was an American black-ops officer whose mission was to usurp Carlos as the world's preeminent assassin in order to draw him out of hiding so that he could be killed or captured (the Matt Damon film adaptation of the book completely eliminates the Carlos character). In the second book, The Bourne Supremacy, Carlos is not a significant character and is understood to be in hiding (the film version of The Bourne Supremacy strays so far from the plot of the book that the two share little more than a common name). However, in The Bourne Ultimatum, the final book of the trilogy, Carlos and Bourne are pitted against each other again.
• In Munich, the 2005 film by Steven Spielberg, a character named Hans mentions Carlos the Jackal.

[edit] In other popular culture

Carlos is featured on the cover of Black Grape's first album, It's Great When You're Straight...Yeah.

Carlos and his real name are briefly mentioned in one of John D. MacDonald's Travis McGee novels, The Green Ripper, as a a trainer of one of the terrorists McGee confronts.

[edit] See also

• Hunting the Jackal, nonfiction book by Billy Waugh who as a covert operative was involved in the hunt for Carlos during the early 1990s.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Carlos: Portrait of a Terrorist; by Colin Smith. Sphere Books, 1976. ISBN 0233968431.
• Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist Carlos the Jackal; by John Follain. Arcade Publishing, 1988. ISBN 1559704667.
• To the Ends of the Earth; by David Yallop. New York: Random House, 1993. ISBN 0-679-42559-4. This book was also published under the name Tracking the Jackal: The Search for Carlos, the World's Most Wanted Man.
• Encyclopedia of Terrorism by Harvey Kushner. SAGE Publications, 2002.

[edit] External links

• Straight Dope Staff Report: What's up with the notorious terrorist Carlos the Jackal? July 2, 2002
• The Terrorist Mind: Correspondence with "The Jackal" by Anthony Haden-Guest, the New York Press, October 12, 1999
• Carlos the Jackal: Trail of Terror by Patrick Bellamy, the Crime Library
• Ex-guerrilla Carlos to sue France over solitary confinement, CNN

http://www.westminsterjournalism.co.uk/coursesite/magazines/carlos.html

Persondata
NAME	Ramírez Sánchez, Ilich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Carlos; Jackal; Carlos the Jackal
SHORT DESCRIPTION	terrorist, mercenary
DATE OF BIRTH	October 12, 1949
PLACE OF BIRTH	Caracas, Venezuela
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH