Duke of York
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The title Duke of York is a title of nobility in the British peerage. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, been usually given to the second son of the British monarch. In all that time, none of the holders of the title have ever transmitted it: they either died without male heirs or became King themselves.
The current Duke of York is The Prince Andrew, second son of Queen Elizabeth II. Andrew has currently no male heirs, thus, the most likely candidates for the next creation are Prince Harry of Wales, being the second son of Charles, Prince of Wales, who will presumably become king, or a second son of Prince William of Wales.
The wife of the Duke of York is known as The Duchess of York.
[edit] History
York was in mediæval times the main town of Northern England, and Yorkshire was England's largest shire.
Between the fall of Jorvik under Eirik Bloodaxe, last King of Jorvik and the first created Duke of York, there were a few Earls of York.
The title was first created in the Peerage of England for Edmund of Langley, the fourth surviving son of King Edward III, and an important character in Shakespeare's Richard II. His son Edward was killed at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The title passed to his nephew Richard, the son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, who had been executed for plotting against King Henry V. The younger Richard managed to obtain a restoration of the title, but when his eldest son became King in 1461 as Edward IV, the title merged into the Crown.
The title was next created for Richard, second son of King Edward IV. Richard was one of the Princes in the Tower, and as he died without heirs, the title became extinct at his death.
The next creation was for Henry Tudor, second son of King Henry VII. When his elder brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, died in 1502, Henry became heir to the throne, and ultimately King Henry VIII, when his titles merged into the crown.
The title was for the fourth time created for Charles Stuart, second son of King James I. When his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, died in 1612, Charles became heir, and, eventually King Charles I, and the title merged into the Crown.
The fifth creation was in favour of James Stuart, the second son of Charles I. Named for this particular Duke of York are the city and state of New York in what is now the United States of America. When his elder brother, King Charles II, died without heirs, James succeeded to the throne as King James II, and the title once again merged into the Crown.
In the early 18th century, the Jacobite claimant to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, son of James II, granted the title "Duke of York" (in the Jacobite peerage) to his own second son, Henry. James Francis Edward Stuart was known to those who rejected his claims as "The Old Pretender"; his elder son Charles was called "The Young Pretender", and "Bonnie Prince Charlie", and the younger son, Henry, who became a Roman Catholic cardinal, was known as the Cardinal Duke of York. To the Jacobites, they were Kings James III, Charles III, and Henry IX, respectively.
The next creations (the title changing to "York and Albany") were in the Peerage of Great Britain. The title was first held by Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Bishop of Osnabrück, the youngest brother of King George I. He died without heirs.
The second creation of the Dukedom of York and Albany was for Prince Edward Augustus, younger brother of King George III, who also died without heirs, having never married.
The third and last creation of the York and Albany title was for Prince Frederick Augustus, the second son of King George III. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army for many years, and was the original "Grand old Duke of York" in the popular rhyme. He too died without heirs.
The sixth creation of the Dukedom of York was for Prince George of Wales, second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII. He was created Duke of York following the death of his elder brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. The title merged with the crown when George succeeded his father as King George V.
The seventh creation was for Prince Albert, second son of King George V, and younger brother of King Edward VIII. Albert came unexpectedly to the throne when his brother abdicated, and took the name George VI, the Dukedom merging into the crown.
The most recent creation was for Prince Andrew, second son of Queen Elizabeth II. As of the present day, he only has two daughters. Thus, if he has no future sons, which seems likely, the title will become extinct at his death. If the tradition of awarding the title to the second son of the monarch were to continue, the title would then be awarded to Prince Harry of Wales, the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales, the current heir apparent to the throne. Titles are traditionally given on marriage and if Harry's marriage predated Andrew's death, another title would have to be awarded instead (unless, following the precedent of the Earldom of Wessex being awarded to the current Duke of York's brother, Prince Edward, with the promise of the Dukedom of Edinburgh being granted to him at a later date, Prince Harry is created an Earl with the expectation of being created Duke of York on his uncle's death).
Aside from the first creation, every time the Dukedom of York has been created it has had only one occupant, that person either inheriting the throne or dying without male heirs. This has fuelled the rumor that there is a curse on the title.
[edit] Dukes
[edit] Dukes of York, first creation (1384)
- Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (1341-1402)
- Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (c. 1373-1415)
- Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (1411-1460) (did not inherit the title due to the treason of his father, the 3rd Earl of Cambridge; restored 1415)
- Edward Plantagenet, 4th Duke of York (1442-1483) (became King Edward IV in 1461)
[edit] Dukes of York, second Creation (1474)
[edit] Dukes of York, third Creation (1494)
- Henry Tudor, 1st Duke of York (1491-1547) (became King Henry VIII in 1509)
[edit] Dukes of York, fourth creation (1605)
- Charles Stuart, 1st Duke of York (1600-1649) (became King Charles I in 1625)
[edit] Dukes of York, fifth Creation (1644)
- James Stuart, 1st Duke of York (1633-1701) (styled Duke of York from birth; became King James II in 1685)
[edit] Dukes of York and Albany, first creation (1716)
[edit] Dukes of York and Albany, second Creation (1760)
[edit] Dukes of York and Albany, third Creation (1784)
[edit] Dukes of York, sixth Creation (1892)
- Prince George, 1st Duke of York (1865-1936) (became King George V in 1910)
[edit] Dukes of York, seventh Creation (1920)
- Prince Albert, 1st Duke of York (1895-1952) (became King George VI in 1936)
[edit] Dukes of York, eighth Creation (1986)
[edit] See also
- Henry Benedict Stuart Created Duke of York by the titular King James III in 1725. Recognised as Duke of York by the Papacy; Modena; France and Spain. Died in 1807.
Other dukedoms generally awarded to male members of the Royal Family include:
- Duke of Clarence
- Duke of Kent
- Duke of Gloucester
- Duke of Cambridge
- Duke of Sussex
- Duke of Connaught
- Duke of Edinburgh
- Duke of Cumberland
- Duke of Albany
Places named after Dukes Of York:
- Duke of York Island, Antarctica
- Duke of York Island, Papua New Guinea
- Duke of York Islands
- Duke of York Archipelago, Canada
- Duke of York's Royal Military School
Edmund of Langley (1384–1402) · Edward of Norwich (1402–1415) · Richard Plantagenet (1415-1460) · Edward IV (1460-1461) · Richard of Shrewsbury (1474-1483) · Henry VIII (1494-1509) · Charles I (1605-1625) · James II (1633/1644-1685) · Ernest Augustus (1716-1728) · Prince Edward Augustus (1760-1767) · Prince Frederick (1784-1827) · George V (1865-1910) · George VI (1920-1936) · HRH The Duke of York (1986-)
