Voiced alveolar fricative

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IPA – number	133
IPA – text	z
IPA – image
Entity	z
X-SAMPA	z
Kirshenbaum	z
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

• The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is z, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA symbol [z] is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants unless modified by a diacritic ([z̪] and [z̠] respectively).
• The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ð̠ or ɹ̝.

Voiced sibilants of the type [z] are familiar to most European speakers as the voiced counterpart of [s]. They are, however, cross-linguistically relatively uncommon compared to voiceless sibilants. Only about 28 percent of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85 percent of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa or Western Asia, so that in the eastern half of Asia, the Pacific and the Americas, [z] is a very rare (called "marked" in linguistic jargon) phoneme. The presence of [z] always implies a contrastive voiceless [s].

Nonsibilar alveolar fricatives are very rare, and almost always allophones of dental fricatives.

coronal fricatives	dental	apico-alveolar	alveolar	postalveolar
sibilant	z̪	z̺	z͇	z̠, ʐ, ʒ
non-sibilant	ð	N/A	ð̠, ð͇, ɹ̝	ɻ̝

Contents 1 The voiced alveolar sibilant 1.1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 Voiced apicoalveolar fricative 3.1 Occurence 4 Sources 5 The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative 5.1 Features 5.2 Occurrence 6 See also 7 References

[edit] The voiced alveolar sibilant

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced alveolar fricative:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is produced by directing air flow through a groove in the tongue at the place of articulation and directing it over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

• Albanian: zjarr [zjar], "fire"
• Chechen: запад/zapad [zapad], "west"
• Czech: zima [zɪma], "winter"
• English: size [saɪz]
• French: zèbre [zɛbʀ], "zebra"
• Italian: casa [kaza], "house"
• Japanese: 全部 (zenbu) [zembɯ], "all, everything"
• Limousin: jòune [ˈzɒwne], "young"
• Russian: заезжать [zəɪˈʑʑætʲ], "to pick up"
• Spanish: desde [dezð̞e], "since" (in some dialects)
• Swahili: lazima [lɑzimɑ], "must"
• Turkish: göz [gœz], "eye"
• Vietnamese: da [zɐː˧], "skin"

[edit] Voiced apicoalveolar fricative

The voiced apicoalveolar fricative,[z̺], is a fricative which is articulated with the tip of the tongue (apex) against the alveolar ridge. It is the sibilant found in dialects of central and northern Portuguese, several dialects of European Spanish, Antioqueño Spanish, Catalan, Gascon, Languedocien Occitan, and Modern Greek. Often to speakers of languages or dialects which do not have an apicoalvolear fricative, they are said to have a "whistling" quality.

[edit] Occurence

• Catalan: zero [z̺ɛɾu], "zero"
• Gascon: casèrna [kaz̺ɛrno], "barracks"
• Greek: ζάλη [ˈz̺ali], "dizziness"
• Languedocien Occitan: véser [bez̺e], "to see"
• Spanish (peninsular, Antioqueño): desde [dez̺ð̞e], "since"

[edit] Sources

[edit] The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

[edit] Features

The features of the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative are identical to those above, except that,

• Its manner of articulation is simple fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence, but without the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

[edit] Occurrence

• English:
  • Some urban South African dialects: round [ɹ̝ɑənd]
  • Scouse: maid [meɪð̠]
• Icelandic: þakið [θ̠akið̠] "roof".

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

• Marotta, G. and Barth, M., Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English, Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online 3.2, pp377-413. Available online (including sound files).
• Carlos Castillo and Otto F. Bond. The University of Chicago Spanish Dictionary.
• Martin Harris and Nigel Vincent. The Romance Languages.
• Alan Yates. Teach Yourself Catalan.

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bilabial Lab'den. Dental Alveolar Postalv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn. Epiglottal Glottal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  β̞ ʋ ð̞ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Other laterals  ɺ ɫ Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Co-articulated approximants ʍ w ɥ Flaps & Taps ѵ̟ ѵ ɾ ɽ • Co-articulated fricatives ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Affricates  ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.