Lyceum Theatre, London
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The Lyceum Theatre is a 2,000-seat West End theatre located in the City of Westminster, on Wellington Street, just off the Strand. The present building was designed by Samuel Beazley and opened on July 14, 1834.[1] The building was unique in that it had a balcony overhanging the circle. It was built by the partnership of Peto & Grissell.
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[edit] History
[edit] Early years
The Lyceum Theatre was first built in 1765 on an adjacent site, and in the late 18th century, musical entertainments were given by Charles Dibdin. Famed actor David Garrick also performed at the Lyceum. Between 1794 and 1809, the building was used as a circus, brought by Philip Astley when his amphitheatre was burned down at Westminster, and then a chapel, a concert room, and for the first London exhibition of waxworks displayed by Madame Tussaud in 1802.[2] It became a "licensed" house in 1809, and until 1812 it was used for dramatic performances by the Drury Lane Company after the burning of their own theatre, until the erection of the new edifice. In 1816, Samuel Arnold rebuilt the house to a design by Beazley and opened it as "The English Opera House", but it was destroyed by fire in 1830. The house was famous as the first theatre in London to be lit by gas and and for hosting the London premiere of Mozart's opera Cosi Fan Tutti.[3] During this period, the "Sublime Society of Beefsteaks," which had been founded in 1735 by theatre manager Henry Rich, had its home at the theatre for over 50 years until 1867. The members, who never exceeded twenty-four in number, met every Saturday night to eat beefsteaks and drink port wine.[4]
In 1834, the present house opened under the name "Theatre Royal Lyceum and English Opera House". Composer John Barnett produced a number of works in the first few years of the theatre, including The Mountain Sylph (1834), credited as the first modern English opera (it was completely sung, with no spoken passages); It was followed by Fair Rosamund in 1837, Farinelli in 1839 and Blanche of Jersey in 1840. In 1841-43, composer Michael Balfe managed the theatre and produced National Opera here, but the venture was ultimately unsuccessful. The house then became associated with adaptations of Charles Dickens's novels and Christmas books.[5] For instance, an adaptation of Dickens' Martin Chuzzlewit ran for over 100 performances from 1844-45 here, a long run for the time.
The Lyceum was later managed by Madame Lucia Elizabeth Vestris and Charles James Mathews from 1847-55, who produced James Planché's "[fairy] extravaganzas" featuring spectacular stage effects. Tom Taylor's adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities, with Dickens himself as consultant, played in 1860, shortly after end of its serialisation and volume publication. Charles Fechter, who managed the theatre from 1863-67 also favored spectacular productions. In 1866, Dion Boucicault's The Long Strike (his adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell's Manchester novels Mary Barton and Lizzie Leigh) was produced here. W. S. Gilbert produced three plays here. In 1863, his first professional play, Uncle Baby, premiered. In 1867, he presented his Christmas pantomime, called Harlequin Cock Robin and Jenny Wren; or, Fortunatus and the Water of Life, the Three Bears, the Three Gifts, the Three Wishes, and the Little Man who Woo'd the Little Maid, and in 1884, he produced the drama Comedy and Tragedy.
[edit] The Irving years
Beginning in 1871, under manager Hezekiah Linthicum Bateman and his wife, Henry Irving appeared at the theatre in, among other things, many Shakespeare works. Irving began with the French melodrama The Bells, an instant hit in which he played the ghost-haunted burgomaster. The piece ran to sell-out crowds for 150 nights, which was an unusually long run at the time. Charles I, in 1872 was another hit, running for 180 nights. In 1874, Irving played Hamlet at the theatre, perhaps his greatest triumph, running for 200 nights. In 1878, after Bateman's death, Irving took over management of the theatre from his widow. The Builder, September 28, 1878 reported that there was a difference between Irving and Mrs. Bateman regarding the personnel of the company at the Lyceum. "Mr. Irving is said to have told Mrs. Bateman that he was resolved to have actors to act with him, and not dolls, otherwise he would no longer play at the Lyceum. The result was that Mrs. Bateman threw up the management of the theatre, and Mr. Irving takes her place". Mrs. Bateman became the manager of Sadler's Wells Theatre.[6]
Irving continued to star in plays there, engaging co-star Ellen Terry. Bram Stoker worked between 1878 and 1898 as business manager of the theatre under Irving, who was Stoker's real-life inspiration for the character Count Dracula in his 1897 novel, Dracula. Stoker hoped that Irving, with his dramatic, sweeping gestures, gentlemanly mannerisms, and speciality playing villain roles, would play Dracula in the stage adaptation of his novel. However, Irving never agreed to appear in the stage version, although the play was produced at the Lyceum.
In 1885, Irving presented the immensely popular Faust, even drawing many applications for reserved seats from many foreigners. Macbeth followed in (1888), with incidental music by Sir Arthur Sullivan. When Irving and Terry toured America, as they did several times, the theatre played works with many famout actors including John Forbes-Robertson, Mrs. Patrick Campbell, Sarah Bernhardt and Elennora Duse. Martin Harvey, a pupil of Irving's played a season there in 1899. Benoît-Constant Coquelin, appeared as Cyrano de Bergerac in the summer of 1898. Irving and Terry played at the theatre until 1902.
[edit] Later years
In 1904, the theatre was rebuilt and richly ornamented in rococo style by Bertie Crewe, retaining only the façade and portico of the original building. The theatre the presented music hall and variety, in an attempt to compete with the Palace Theatre and the London Coliseum, but this was not a success, and the theatre soon returned to presenting drama. From 1909-38 the Melville Brothers ran a successful series of spectacular melodramas.[7] In 1919, additional minor alterations to the theatre were made by Edward Jones. Between the wars, dramas played at the theatre for ten months each year, followed by Christmas pantomimes, including Queen of Hearts in 1938.
In 1939, the London City Council bought the building, with plans to demolish it to make room for road improvement. The theatre closed that year with a landmark performance of Hamlet directed by Sir John Gielgud (Ellen Terry's great nephew). The road improvement plans collapsed, and after the war, in 1951, it was converted to a huge ballroom and reopened by Matthews and Sons, as the Lyceum Ballroom. Many big bands played here, and Oscar Rabin and his orchestra played frequently. In the 1960s and 1970s, the theatre was used as a pop concert venue and for television broadcasts. Bob Marley, The Who, U2, and Culture Club all played here.[8]
A proposed redevelopment of Covent Garden by the GLC in 1968 saw the theatre under threat, together with the nearby Vaudeville, Garrick, Adelphi and Duchess theatres. An active campaign by Equity, the Musicians' Union, and theatre owners under the auspices of the Save London Theatres Campaign led to the abandonment of the scheme.[9] In 1973, the theatre gained protection and was Grade II* listed as Interior despite adaptation and alteration for present ballroom use retains [a] substantial part of Crewe's work.[10]
The theatre went dark in 1986, after the National Theatre's promenade performances (in 1985) of Bill Bryden's adaption of the Mysteries trilogy. Brent Walker leased the theatre during this time but later gave up his lease, and in 1996, it was restored and reconverted into a theatre for large scale musicals or opera (with a suitably large orchestra pit) by Holohan Architects.
The theatre has been home to the musical version of The Lion King since 1999.
[edit] Cultural influence
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle mentions the 'third pillar from the left" in front of the Lyceum in one of his books.
[edit] Recent productions
[edit] Travel
The nearest London Underground station is Covent Garden.
[edit] Notes
- ^ The Victorian Web
- ^ Summary of the theatre's history
- ^ Londontown profile of the theatre
- ^ Information about the Sublime Society of Beefsteaks
- ^ Summary of the theatre's history
- ^ Description of ownership of the Lyceum
- ^ Profile of the theatre
- ^ Londontown profile of the theatre
- ^ Vaudeville Theatre accessed 28 Mar 2007
- ^ English Heritage listing details accessed 27 Mar 2007
[edit] References
- Dickens, Charles. Dickens's Dictionary of London 1888. Moretonhampstead, Devon: Old House Books, 2001 (A guide to London written by the novelist's son).
- Earl, John & Michael Sell, The Theatres Trust Guide to British Theatres 1750-1950 A&C Black
- History of the Lyceum
- Profile of the theatre
- Another profile of the theatre with images
- Article on the theatre
[edit] External links
- The Lyceum Theatre
- The Bram Stoker Collection (on his collaboration with Henry Irving at the Lyceum)
- Statistical information about the theatre
- Architectural information about the theatre
- Information about productions at the theatre
- A cogent summary of the theatre's history
- Research article about the ownership (lessor) of the theatre, with information about the Irving era
