Parking
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Parking is the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief time. It is against the law virtually everywhere to park a vehicle in the middle of a highway or road. In all countries where motor vehicles are in common use, specialized parking facilities are routinely constructed in combination with most buildings to facilitate the coming and going of the buildings' users.
Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor private property belonging to a house, the side of the road, a parking lot or car park, and indoor and outdoor multi-level structures.
In the U.S., after the first public parking garage was opened in Boston, May 24, 1898, livery stables in urban centers began to be converted into garages. In cities of the Eastern US, many former livery stables, with lifts for carriages, continue to operate as garages today.
The following terms exemplify regional variations in language. All except carport refer to outdoor multi-level parking facilities. In some regional dialects, some of these phrases refer also to indoor or single-level facilities.
- Parking ramp (used in some parts of the upper Midwest, especially Minneapolis, but sometimes seen as far east as Buffalo, New York). In Minneapolis, this term never refers to an indoor facility[citation needed] that would be called a parking garage. Elsewhere, the term "ramp" would apply to the inclines between floors of a parking garage, but not to the entire structure itself.
- Multi-storey car park
- Car park (UK, Hong Kong)
- Parkade (Canada, South Africa)
- Parking structure (Western U.S.)
- Parking garage (USA, where this term does not always distinguish between outdoor above-ground multi-level parking and indoor underground parking; e.g., to a Minneapolis person (but not a Bostonian) this term emphatically says indoor parking facility[citation needed]
- Parking deck (Eastern USA, an outdoor above-ground multi-level parking facility)
- Carport (open-air single-level covered parking)
Contents |
[edit] Amount of Parking
[edit] Parking Generation
Parking Generation refers to a document produced by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) that assembles a vast array of parking demand observations predominately from the United States. It summarizes the amount of parking the has been observed with various land uses at different times of the day/week/month/year including the peak parking demand. While it has been assailed by some planners for lack of data in urban settings, it stands as the single largest accumulation of actual parking demand data related to land use. Anyone can submit parking demand data for inclusion in this informational report that is updated approximately every 5 to 10 years.
[edit] Modes of Parking
Regardless of the parking location (parking lot, parking structure, etc.), there are three basic modes of parking, based on the arrangement of vehicles — parallel parking, perpendicular parking, and angle parking. These are self-park configurations where the vehicle driver is able to access the parking independently.
Besides these basic modes of parking, there are instances where a more ad hoc approach to arranging vehicles is more appropriate. For example, in parts of some large cities, such as Chicago, where land is expensive and therefore parking space is at a premium, there are parking lots where the driver leaves the keys to the vehicle with an attendant who arranges vehicles so as to maximize the number of vehicles that can be parked in the lot. Vehicles may be stacked 2, 3, 4 and 5 vehicles deep in combinations of perpendicular and/or parallel parking with limited circulation aisles for the parking attendant. This is known as attendant parking. When the vehicle is taken on to a public road, it is considered valet parking.
Another ad hoc approach to arranging vehicles is tandem parking. This is sometimes done with residential parking where two vehicles park nose-to-end in tandem. The first vehicle does not have independently access and requires the second vehicle to move for access. As with attendant parking, this is done to maximize the number of vehicles that can park in a limited space.
[edit] Parallel parking
With parallel parking, cars are arranged in a line, with the front bumper of one car facing the back bumper of an adjacent one. This is often done parallel to a curb, though a curb is not necessary. Parallel parking is the most common mode of streetside parking. It may also be used in parking lots and parking structures, but usually only to supplement parking spaces that use the other modes.
Parallel parking can be a difficult manoeuver for the beginning driver to master.
[edit] Perpendicular parking
With perpendicular parking, cars are parked side to side, perpendicular to an aisle, curb, or wall. This mode of parking is more scalable than parallel parking and is therefore commonly used in parking lots and parking structures.
Often, in parking lots using perpedicular parking, two rows of parking spaces may be arranged front to front, with aisles in between.
[edit] Angle parking
Angle parking is similar to perpendicular parking, except that cars are arranged at an angle to the aisle (an acute angle with the direction of approach). This is slightly less efficient than perpendicular parking in terms of space utilization, but it makes up for this in being easier and therefore allowing drivers to park more quickly. Where efficient use of space is not the most important consideration, this is very common in parking lots. It may also be used in streetside parking when there is more width available for parking than would be needed for parallel parking, as it creates a larger number of parking spaces. Some cities have utilized angled parking on-street (as compared to off-street parking facilities). This has been done mostly in residential, retail and mixed use areas where additional parking compared to pararllel parking is desired and traffic volumes are lower. Most angled parking is design in a head-in configuration while a few cities (Seattle and Portland are examples) have some back-in angled parking (typically on hills or low traffic volume streets).
[edit] Economics of parking
Parking can be a significant factor in local economics. In congested urban areas parking can be a time consuming and expensive proposition. Urban planners must consider whether and how to accommodate large numbers of vehicles in small geographic areas. The costs of such parking accommodations can become a heated point in local politics. For example, in 2006 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors considered a controversial plan to limit the number of parking spaces available in new residential developments. [1]
Because parking spaces can be such a scarce commodity, heated social discourse sometimes revolves around the "ownership" of a particular parking space. For example, during the winter of 2005 in Boston, the practice of saving spaces became controversial. At that time, many Boston regions had a tradition that if a person shoveled the snow out a parking space, that person could claim ownership of that space with some kind of marker (e.g. a chair or orange cone) in the space. [2] However, city government defied that custom and cleared markers out of spaces. [3] Indeed, parking space in Boston is such a rare commodity that in 2006 a single parking space sold for $250,000. [4]
An episode of Seinfeld lampooned the emotional degree to which people claim ownership of parking spaces. In The Parking Space George and Jerry's friend Mike have an hours-long standoff over their claims to a parking space.
Festivals and sporting events often spawn a cottage industry of parking. Homeowners, schools, and businesses often make extra money by charging a flat rate fee for all-day parking during the event.
Donald C. Shoup in 2005 argued in his The High Cost of Free Parking against the large consumption of land and other resources in urban and suburban areas for parking. [5]
