Pickup truck

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Mazda B-Series compact pickup truck with extended cabin and home-made wooden rack.

1972 GMC Sierra Custom Camper

A pickup truck or pick-up is a light motor vehicle with an open-top rear cargo area.

In North America, the word pickup generally refers to a small or medium sized truck, rather than vehicles based on passenger cars. This light commercial vehicle features:

a separate cabin
and rear load area or compartment (separate cargo bed).

Two North American vehicles, the Chevrolet El Camino and Ford Ranchero were passenger car-based vehicles with integrated cargo bed, but were not generally referred to as pickup trucks, because they were actually derived from station wagons.

Many pickups have short rigid sides and an opening rear gate while others have a flat tray back.

These vehicles are known in Australia and New Zealand as a ute or utility (from "utility vehicle"), in South Africa as a bakkie (pronounced "bucky"), in Egypt as "half truck", and in Israel as a tender. Panel vans, a kind of van, popular in Australia during the 1970s, were based on a ute chassis, known in Egypt as "box" and mainly used by police.

The design details of such vehicles vary significantly, and different nationalities seem to specialise in different style and size of vehicles. For instance, North American pickups come in full-size (large, heavy vehicles often with V8 or six-cylinder engines), mid-size, and compact (smaller trucks generally equipped with inline 4 engines).

[edit] Types of pickups

[edit] Compact pickups

The compact pickup (or simply "pickup", without qualifier) is the most widespread form of pickup truck worldwide. It is built like a mini version of a two-axle heavy truck, with a frame providing structure, a conventional cab, a leaf spring suspension on the rear wheels and a small I4 or V6 engine, generally using gasoline.

The compact pickup was introduced to North America in the 1960s by Japanese manufacturers. Datsun (Nissan 1959) and Toyota dominated under their own nameplates through the end of the 1970s. Other Japanese manufacturers built pickups for the American "Big Three": Isuzu built the Luv for Chevrolet, Mazda built the Courier for Ford and Mitsubishi built the Ram 50 for Dodge. It wasn't until the 1980s that Mazda introduced their own B-Series, Isuzu their P'up and Mitsubishi their Mighty Max.

Compact trucks sold in the US market in 2006 include:

In Europe, compact pickups dominate the pickup market, although they are popular mostly in rural areas. There are few entries by European manufacturers, the most notable of which is perhaps the Peugeot 504 Pick-Up, which continued to be sold in Mediterranean Europe and Africa long after the original 504 ceased production. Eastern European manufacturers such as ARO or UAZ have served their home markets faithfully for decades, but are now disappearing. The near-majority of compact pickups sold in Europe use Diesel engines.

[edit] North American full-size pickups

A 1982 GMC C/K Half-ton pickup truck with aftermarket camper shell.

A full-size pickup is a large truck suitable for hauling heavy loads and performing other functions. Most full-size trucks can carry at least 1,000 lb (450 kg) in the rear bed, with some capable of over five times that much. The bed is usually constructed so as to accommodate a 4 ft x 8 ft sheet of plywood. Most are front-engine and rear-wheel drive with four-wheel drive optional, and most use a live axle with leaf springs in the rear. They are commonly found with an I6, V8, V10, or Diesel engines. The largest full-size pickups feature doubled rear tires (two on each side on one axle). These are colloquially referred to as "duallies" (DOOL-eez), or dual-wheeled pickup trucks, and are often equipped with a fifth wheel for towing heavy trailers.

Full-size pickups in North America are sold in three size ranges - ½ Ton, ¾ Ton and 1 Ton. These size ranges originally indicated the maximum payload of the vehicle, however modern pickups can typically carry far more than that. For example, the 2006 model Ford F-150 (a "½ Ton" pickup) has a payload of between 1,400 lb and 3,060 lb, depending on configuration. Likewise, the 2006 model F-350 (a "1 Ton" pickup) has a payload of between 4,000 lb and 5,800 lb depending on configuration.

Full-size trucks are often used in North America for general passenger use, usually those with ½ ton ratings. For a number of years, the ½ ton full-size Ford F150 was the best-selling vehicle in the United States, outselling all other trucks and all passenger car models.

Until recently, only the "Big Three" American automakers (Ford, GM and Chrysler) built full-size pickups. Toyota introduced the T100 full-size pickup truck in 1993, but sales were poor due to high prices and a lack of a V8 engine. However, the introduction of the Tundra and Nissan Titan marked the proper entry of Japanese makers in the market. Both of these trucks are assembled in North America.

As of 2007, eight pick-ups are sold as full-size in North America:

[edit] Mid-size pickups

In North America, pickup trucks were commonly used as general purpose passenger cars. They were popular not only with construction workers, but also by housewives and office workers. Thus arose the need for a pickup that was bigger than a compact and smaller and more fuel efficient than the full-size pickup.

The first mid-size pickup was the Dodge Dakota, introduced in 1987 with V6 engine availability to distinguish it from the smaller compact trucks which generally offered only four cylinder engines. Its hallmark was the ability to carry the archetypical 4x8 sheet of plywood (4 feet by 8 feet) flat in the cargo bed, something which compact pickups could only carry at an angle. While the Frontier, the Tacoma, and the Ridgeline are only available with I-4s or V-6s, since 1991 the Dakota has utilized various V-8 motors. New for 2006, the Mitsubishi Raider was a rebaged Dakota and it used the same V-6 and V-8 motors.

In 2006, mid-size and large pickups dominate the US market. Mid-size models include:

[edit] Coupe Utilities

Main article: Coupe Utility

Ford Falcon traytop ute showing sedan cab

The coupe utility body style is a passenger-car derived light truck with a passenger cabin of "coupe" style but with an integral cargo bed behind the cabin. These are commonly known as "utilities" or "utes". Consequently, they are much lower-slung and more carlike both in appearance and performance than other pickups.

In the USA, popular Coupe Utilities (although not commonly known by this term) were the 1957 Ford Ranchero and the 1959 Chevrolet El Camino.

But before these US models, the "ute" had its origins in Australia derived from the open top passenger car models of the mid 1920s. The "ute" body-type was first available in Australian Chevrolet then Dodge models, the bodies of which were made by Holden under contract. The coupe utility body style is perhaps most beloved in Australia where it is a common sight to this day.

The two Australian-built utilities (the Holden Commodore ute and the Ford Falcon ute) currently in production are rebodied versions of large passenger cars, as were the now out of production American Ford Ranchero and Chevrolet El Camino.

Also see the section "The cultural significance of the pickup" The Australian Ute below.

[edit] Latin American Pickups

In Latin America, single cab pickups which are based on superminis, are fairly popular. They are called "compact," in contrast with "mid-size" (Ranger, S10, Hilux) and "full-size" (Ram, Avalanche, F150), and also nicknamed "picápinhas" in Brazil. Best-sellers are models such as the Toyota Hilux, Volkswagen Saveiro and Fiat Strada.

[edit] European Pickups

Over the past few decades, nearly all pickups from European manufacturers are coupe utility pickups. Manufacturers from both western and eastern Europe have produced coupe utility pickups.

One of the smallest pickups to be produced in commercial quantities was the British Austin/Morris Mini Pickup. At a little over 3 meters in length, it was none the less quite popular as a practical, working truck, selling 58,000 vehicles between 1961 and 1983. (Another mini pickup was the Japanese 1985-1988 3-cylinder 550cc Suzuki Might Boy.)

[edit] Pickup cab styles

Pickup trucks have been produced with a number of different configurations or body styles.

[edit] Standard cab

A standard cab pickup has a single row of seats and a single set of doors, one on each side. Most pickups have a front bench seat that can be used by three people, however within the last few decades, various manufacturers have begun to offer individual seats as standard equipment.

[edit] Extended cab

Extended or super cab pickups add an extra space behind the main seat. This is normally accessed by reclining the front bench back, but recent extended cab pickups have featured reverse-hinged doors on one or both sides for access. The original extended cab trucks used simple side-facing "jump seats" that could fold into the walls, but modern super cab trucks usually have a full bench in the back. Dodge introduced the Club Cab in 1973. Ford followed with the SuperCab concept on their 1974 F-100, while GM, oddly enough, didn't offer one until 1988.

[edit] Crew cab

Main article: Crew cab

A true four-door pickup is a crew cab, double cab or quad cab. It features seating for up to five or six people on two full benches and full-size front-hinged doors on both sides. Most crew cab pickups have a shorter bed or box to reduce their overall length.

International was the first to introduce a crew cab pickup in 1957, followed by Ford with their 1965 F-250 (short bed) and F-350 (long bed), Dodge in the same era, and Chevrolet followed with their 1973 C/K. Japanese makes offered crew cab versions of their pick-ups from the mid-80s.

Four-door compact pickup trucks are quite in vogue outside North America, due to their increased passenger space and versatility in carrying non-rugged cargo. In the United States and Canada, however, four-door compact trucks have been very slow to catch on and are still quite rare. In recent years seat belt laws, requirements of insurance companies and fear of litigation have increased the demand for four door trucks which provide a safety belt for each passenger. Mexican four-door compact pickups are quite popular.

[edit] Cab-Forward

A cab-forward pickup is derived from a cab-forward van; a van where the driver sits atop the front axle. The first cab-forward pickup was the Volkswagen Transporter which was introduced in 1952. It had a drop-side bed which aided in loading and unloading. American, British, and Japanese manufacturers followed in the late 1950s and 1960s. American manufacturers adopted this design only during the 1960's, most notably on the 1st generation Ford Econoline, Chevrolet Corvair Rampside and Loadside pickups, and the Dodge A-100.

The Japanese, however, embraced this design because of its high maneuverability on narrow streets and fields. The smallest ones are 360/550/660cc pickup Keicars from Daihatsu, Honda, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Subaru and Suzuki. The British also continued this design on the Ford Transit.

[edit] Pickup bed styles

Full-size pickup trucks are generally available with several different types of beds attached. The provided lengths typically specify the distance between the inside of the front end of the bed and the closed tailgate; note that these values are approximate and different manufacturers produce beds of slightly varying length.

Most compact truck beds are approximately 50 in wide, and most full-size are between 60 in and 70 in wide, generally 48 in or slightly over between the wheel wells (minimum width).

[edit] Short bed

The short bed is by far the most popular type of pickup truck bed. Compact truck short beds are generally 6 ft long and full-size beds are generally 6.5 ft long. These beds offer significant load-hauling versatility, but are not long enough to be difficult to drive or park.

[edit] Long bed

The long bed is usually a foot or two longer than the short bed and is more popular on trucks of primarily utilitarian employ (for example, commercial work trucks or farm trucks). Compact long beds are generally 7 ft long and full-size long beds are generally 8 ft long. Full-size long beds offer the advantage of carrying a standard-size 4 ft×8 ft sheet of plywood with the tailgate closed. In the United States and Canada, long beds are not very popular on compact trucks because of the easy availability of full-size pickup trucks.

[edit] Step-Side

Most pickup truck beds have side panels positioned outside the wheel wells. Conversely, step-side truck beds have side panels inside the wheel wells. Pickup trucks were commonly equipped with step-side beds until the 1950s, when General Motors (Chevrolet Cameo Carrier and GMC Suburban Carrier) and Chrysler (Dodge Sweptside) introduced smooth-side pickup beds as expensive, low-production options. These smooth side panels were cosmetic additions over a narrow step-side bed interior. In 1957, Ford offered a purpose-built "Styleside" bed with smooth sides and a full-width interior at little extra cost. Most manufacturers followed and switched to a straight bed, which offer slightly more interior space than step-side beds, and due to better aerodynamics, tend to produce less wind noise at highway speeds. Step-side beds do have the added advantage of a completely rectangular interior, although most modern trucks with a step-side bed are that way purely for styling.

General Motors calls the step-side option sport-side, while Ford Motor Company dubs it flare-side.

[edit] Very short bed

As mentioned above, some compact four-door pickup trucks are equipped with very short beds or super short beds. They are usually based on sport utility vehicles, and the bed is attached behind the rear seats. The Ford Explorer Sport Trac is an example of this, as is the Ssangyong Musso Sport.

[edit] No bed (traction head)

In some cases, commercial pickup trucks can be purchased without a bed at all; the gas tank and driveline are visible and easily accessible through the top of the frame rails until a proper bed (many times customized to fit a particular business' needs) is attached by the customer. These are called "Cab & Chassis" models, and are usually finished by the customer to use a flatbed (flat deck) cargo carrier, stake bed, or specialized fixtures such as tow rigs, glass sheet carriers or other types. A common type is the "utility body" which in the US is usually of metal and has many lockable cabinet compartments (a type of large tradesmans tool box)

Other varieties of commercial pickups without beds are called "Cowl & Chassis" models and "Cowl & Windshield" models. Both are similar to cab & chassis models, but have incomplete cabs, most of which are replaced with the commercial bodies themselves. Ice cream vending trucks were commonly built on cowl & windshield pickups until the 1970's, while walk-in delivery bodies and even some Class C motor homes were often attached to cowl & chassis pickups.

[edit] The cultural significance of the pickup

[edit] The pickup in American culture

Americans have a special fondness for the pickup truck, and it has developed a mythos that is similar to that of the horse in the American Old West. In the United States, pickups tend to be portrayed as symbols of male virility. They figure prominently in "tough guy" and neo-Western motion pictures, such as Hud, Urban Cowboy, and Every Which Way But Loose. They are also a fixture in American politics, as in the famous campaign speech by Fred Thompson, who explained his opponent's shortcomings by saying "He hasn't spent enough time in a pickup truck." In 2004, Democratic Senate candidate Ken Salazar campaigned with his green pickup truck; Salazar later won the election.[1] Even President George W. Bush has been seen cruising around his Crawford, Texas ranch in a white Ford F-250 while vacationing, sometimes with foreign heads of state riding shotgun, such as Russian president Vladimir Putin.

The term "Texas Cadillac" is a euphemism referring to the pickup truck of a cowboy or someone into the cowboy/country music culture, especially if the truck is large and has been customised rather opulently. Texas is sometimes called the "land of pickup trucks," even going so far as to offer lower taxation on vehicle registration compared to other vehicle types.^[1]

[edit] The Australian ute

1980 Holden Kingswood "One Tonne" ute.

A Holden SS Ute

Since the modern design of the ute first rolled off the assembly line at the Ford factory in Geelong in 1934, which Henry Ford described as the "kangaroo chaser", Australia has developed a culture around utes. This still manifests itself today, particarly in rural areas with events known as Ute musters that occur nation wide.

In Australia, two common forms of ute exist. The American-style pickup ute which is popular with farmers, etc is usually a Japanese or Australian built ute, such as the Isuzu Rodeo, Toyota Hilux, etc. These are popular in a variety of forms – two and four-wheel drive, single or dual cab, integrated tray or flatbed. These kinds of vehicles are also common in New Zealand, where they are also referred to as utes. There is an extensive industry in rural areas building a huge variety of different ute backs and trays to fit standard chassis.

The other type of vehicle commonly referred to as a ute is quite different – a two-seater sporty version of typical saloon cars, featuring a ute-type integrated tray back, comparable to the American Chevrolet El Camino or Ford Ranchero. This body style is formally called a Coupe Utility. A typical modern-day example would be the Holden Commodore SS ute. Construction is semi-monocoque, with the front end sharing the unitary construction of the saloon car on which they are based, but featuring a more conventional chassis at the rear.

The vehicle is optimised for carrying loads in rural Australia which tend to be very flat, although in other environments the vehicles have somewhat questionable value as most feature very low ground clearance, wide road tyres and so forth. Many young urban drivers often customise their utes, resulting in many not willing to scratch the paintwork doing anything utilitarian, such as carrying a load. However, many rural drivers customise their utes in the "B&S" fashion, complete with bullbars, mudflaps and UHF aerials.

The ute culture has been romanticised by country singers such as Lee Kernaghan, who has written odes to the ute such as She's My Ute, Scrubbabashin, Baptise The Ute and Love Shack. Kernaghan has commented, "Prior to [songs such as Boys From The Bush], the ute was very much a work vehicle, devoid of glamour. But I think songs like Boys From the Bush and She's My Ute kind of said, 'It's okay to drive a ute.'"^[2]

[edit] Pickups in China

The People's Republic of China has the third largest first-hand pickup truck market in the world. In the year of 2006, 145836 units had been sold.

[edit] Pickups in Thailand

A medium sized inter-village songthaew.
Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand.

As the world's second largest manufacturer of pickup trucks, aided by punitive excise taxes on passenger cars, pickup trucks have long been extremely popular in Thailand: between 1987 and 1996, 58% of all cars sold in the country were pickup trucks.

[2] Pickups are used extensively for shipping and transport, notably the converted songthaew (lit. "two row") minibus that forms the backbone of public transportation in and between many smaller cities.

Thailand is also the world's second largest market for pickup trucks, after the United States. 400,000 pickups were sold there in 2005.

[edit] Pickups in Europe

In Europe, pickups are considered light commercial vehicles for farmers. Until the 1990s, pickups were preferred mainly as individual vehicles in rural areas, while vans and large trucks were the preferred method of transportation for cargo.

The largest pickup market in Europe is Portugal, where crew cab 4WD pickups have somewhat replaced SUVs as offroad vehicles, after a change in taxation removed light commercial vehicle status from SUVs. The introduction of more powerful engines in pickups, benefitting from variable vane turbochargers and common rail direct injection technology, have made these cars interesting prospects in the eyes of the public.

In France, Spain and Germany, pickups carry little cultural significance. In the United Kingdom on the other hand, pickups are gaining popularity fast; they are the UK's fastest growing vehicle sector. Through 2006 pick up sales have increased by 14 per cent to reach a total topping 36,000, where overall new car sales are down by 4.2 per cent. The biggest sellers in the UK are mid size trucks like the Nissan Navara, the Mitsubishi L200 and the Isuzu D-MAX.

[edit] Military use

Main article: technical (fighting vehicle)

Pickup trucks have been used as troop carriers in many parts of the world, especially in countries with few civilian roads or areas of very rough terrain. Pickup trucks have also been used as fighting vehicles, often equipped with a machine-gun mounted in the bed. These are known as technicals.

[edit] Other uses

Whilst pickups are commonly used by tradespeople all over the world, they are popular as personal transport in Australia, the United States, and Canada, where they share some of the image of the SUV and are commonly criticised on similar grounds.

[edit] Racing trucks

Pickup trucks have long been used in motor racing, mostly in off-road races. Since its premiere in 1995, NASCAR's Craftsman Truck Series, featuring "stock trucks" on oval courses, has become one of its three national division alongside the Busch Series and the Nextel Cup which both use stock cars.

In Brazil, there are two racing series featuring pickups besides the popular rally racing. First one is Pick-up Racing Brasil, featuring mid-size pickup trucks, such as Chevrolet S10, Ford Ranger and Dodge Dakota. This series became known for being the first racing series in the world using only Compressed Natural Gas powered vehicles. The other series is called DTM Pick-Up, with supermini-based pickups.

Australia has a racing series based on lightly modified production Holden and Ford Utes (V8 Utes).

[edit] Campers

Equipping pickup trucks with camper shells provides a small living space for camping without requiring a dedicated camper. Camper shells usually not permanently attached to the pickup, allowing the truck to be used in an ordinary manner when not camping.

Slide-in Truck Campers, on the other hand, give a pickup truck the amenities of a small Motor home, but still allowing the operator the option of removal and independent use of the vehicle.

[edit] Fire chief's vehicle

In the United States pick-up trucks have been used as response vehicles for fire chiefs. These pickup trucks will mount emergency lights and sirens, and sport color schemes similar to the one used by fire trucks in the department.

[edit] Law enforcement

Pickup trucks have also been modified for use by local police agencies in areas where a cruiser is ill-suited for terrain requirements, such as in the Pacific Northwest and Southwest of the United States due to their mountainous environment and the Southereastern and Deep South of the United States due to the muddy conditions. The United States Border Patrol relies almost entirely on a fleet on SUV's and pickup trucks for use along the United States–Mexico border. Pickup trucks have also found a role in Search and Rescue operations, since they are designed to handle the rugged outdoors. Military Police officers often rely on pickup trucks and SUV type vehicles; typically, these types of trucks are used in a perimeter security role for the base proper (administrative buildings, housing complexs, checkpoints, etc).

In Guadalajara, Mexico, pick-ups are widely used by the police departments of the 5 municipalities, as they allow them to carry safely up to 6 policemen instead of the normal 2 that can fit inside a regular squad car.

[edit] Sport utility trucks

Since about 2001 hybrids of sport utility vehicles and pickups have appeared, which are similar to SUVs except that the 3rd row of seats (or enclosed cargo area) is replaced by a short open truck bed. The Chevrolet Avalanche is the most well-known example of this.

[edit] Notes

^ "Texas Car Registration Guide." http://www.dmv.org/tx-texas/car-registration.php
^ Dapin, Mark. "Suburban Cowboys", Good Weekend, The Age magazine, Fairfax, June 3 2006, p. 38.

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Pickup trucks

[edit] Gallery

A utility-style vehicle from the 1940s.

Austin/Morris Mini Pickup

A songthaew, also known in English as a baht bus. Udon Thani, Isaan Province, Thailand (May 2005).

A 1976 Saab 95 converted to pickup truck.

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