Seraph
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A seraph (Hebrew שׂרף, plural שׂרפים Seraphim) is one of a class of celestial beings mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh or Old Testament), in Isaiah. Later Jewish imagery perceived them as having human form, and in that way they passed into the ranks of Christian angels. In the Christian Hierarchy of angels, seraphim represent the highest rank of angels.
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[edit] Seraphim in Isaiah
Isaiah (6:1-3) records the prophet's vision of the Seraphim:
- "... I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up; and His train filled the Hekhal (sanctuary). Above Him stood the Seraphim; each had six wings: with two he covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew."
In the vision the seraphim cry continually to each other, '"Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of hosts: the whole earth is full of His glory"' (vi.3). The "foundations of the thresholds" of the Temple were moved by the sound of their voices.
This is the sole occurrence of the word "seraphim" in the canonic Hebrew Bible as heavenly beings.
[edit] Seraphim in Judaism
Seraphim are part of the angelarchy of Orthodox Judaism, and Isaiah's vision is repeated several times in daily Jewish services, including at Kedushah prayer added as part of the repetition of the Amidah and in several other prayers as well.
Seraphim occupy the fifth rank of ten ranks of angels in Maimonides' exposition of the Jewish Angelarchy
Conservative Judaism retains the traditional belief in angels, including references in the liturgy, although a literal belief in angels is by no means universal among Conservative Jews.
Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism generally do not believe in angels, although they may retain references for metaphorical purposes.
[edit] Seraphim in Christianity
The Seraphim and the Cherubim are, in Christian theology, two separate types of angels. The descriptions of the Seraphim, Cherubim and Ophanim are often similar, but still distinguishable.
[edit] Seraphim in Christian theology
In medieval Christian neo-Platonic theology, the Seraphim belong to the highest order, or angelic choir, of the hierarchy of angels. They are said to be the caretakers of God's throne, continuously singing Kadosh, Kadosh, Kadosh, i. e. "holy, holy, holy" — cf "Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord of Hosts, the whole earth is full of His Glory" (Isaiah 6:3). This chanting is referred to as the Trisagion.
The early medieval writer called Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite included seraphim in his Celestial Hierarchy (vii), which helped fix the fiery nature of seraphim in the medieval imagination. It is here that the Seraphim are described as being concerned with keeping Divinity in perfect order, and not limited to chanting the trisagion. Taking his cue from writings in the Rabbinic tradition, he gave an etymology for the Seraphim as "those who kindle or make hot":
- "The name Seraphim clearly indicates their ceaseless and eternal revolution about Divine Principles, their heat and keenness, the exuberance of their intense, perpetual, tireless activity, and their elevative and energetic assimilation of those below, kindling them and firing them to their own heat, and wholly purifying them by a burning and all- consuming flame; and by the unhidden, unquenchable, changeless, radiant and enlightening power, dispelling and destroying the shadows of darkness" (Celestial Hierarchy, vii)
Thomas Aquinas in the Summa Theologiae offers a description of the nature of the Seraphim:
- The name "Seraphim" does not come from charity only, but from the excess of charity, expressed by the word ardor or fire. Hence Dionysius (Coel. Hier. vii) expounds the name "Seraphim" according to the properties of fire, containing an excess of heat. Now in fire we may consider three things.
- "First, the movement which is upwards and continuous. This signifies that they are borne inflexibly towards God.
- "Secondly, the active force which is "heat," which is not found in fire simply, but exists with a certain sharpness, as being of most penetrating action, and reaching even to the smallest things, and as it were, with superabundant fervor; whereby is signified the action of these angels, exercised powerfully upon those who are subject to them, rousing them to a like fervor, and cleansing them wholly by their heat.
- "Thirdly we consider in fire the quality of clarity, or brightness; which signifies that these angels have in themselves an inextinguishable light, and that they also perfectly enlighten others."
With the revival of neo-Platonism in the academy formed around Lorenzo de' Medici, the seraphim took on a mystic role in Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man (1487), the epitome of Renaissance humanism. Pico took the fiery Seraphim— "they burn with the fire of charity"— as the highest models of human aspiration: "impatient of any second place, let us emulate dignity and glory. And, if we will it, we shall be inferior to them in nothing," the young Pico announced, in the first flush of optimistic confidence in the human capacity that is the coinage of the Renaissance. "In the light of intelligence, meditating upon the Creator in His work, and the work in its Creator, we shall be resplendent with the light of the Cherubim. If we burn with love for the Creator only, his consuming fire will quickly transform us into the flaming likeness of the Seraphim." [1]
Bonaventure, a Franciscan theologian who was a contemporary of Thomas Aquinas, uses the six wings of the seraph as an important analogical construct in his mystical work The Journey of the Mind to God.
As they were developed in Christian theology, seraphim are beings of pure light and have direct communication with God. They resonate with the fire symbolically attached to both purification and love. The etymology of "seraphim" itself comes from the word saraph. Saraph in all its forms is used to connote a burning, fiery state. Seraphim, as classically depicted, can be identified by their having six wings radiating from the angel's face at the center.
[edit] Seraphim in Contemporary Scholarship
According to [specify], the name seraphim is unparalleled, but heavenly beings with multiple wings are often represented in the art of Israel's neighboring cultures in the Ancient Near East.[citation needed]
[edit] Seraphim in Popular Culture
- In the movie Dogma, one of the characters is a seraph called Metatron, the Voice of God.
- In Digimon, several creatures bear resemblance to higher angels, harboring six wings or more. A ten-winged angel Digimon is known as Seraphimon.
- In The Matrix films, there is a character named Seraph, who is the guardian of The Oracle.
- In the videogame Baten Kaitos, the main character's Light-element Spirit Finisher is called "Shining Seraph".
- In the videogame series Halo The Covenant's main attack fighter is called a "Seraph".
- In the videogame Tales of Symphonia, the Four Seraphim are the four main leaders of the organization Cruxis.
- In the videogame Final Fantasy VII, the main villain, Sephiroth transforms into a Seraph-like creature for the final battle.
- In the videogame Sacred, one of the playable characters to choose from is a Seraphim
- In the video game Mega Man X8, the final boss, Lumine, takes on a Seraph-like form when you fight him.
- In the videogame Mega Man Zero, Copy X turns into a Seraph after being infuriated by Zero.
- A popular song by Before The Dawn, Is called "Seraphim"
- In Disgaea: Hour of Darkness, Seraph Lamington is the final boss of the game (other than any of the unlockable boss fights)
- In the videogame Rose Online, your avatar can purchase Seraph Wings through the item mall.
- Dead Can Dance perform The Host of Seraphim on the albumThe Serpents Egg. Also featured in the movie Baraka (film).
- In the video game Supreme Commander, there is an alien race called the Seraphim who are destoyed by xenophobic humans.
- In the video game Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike, the character Gill has a super art called Seraphic Wing where he floats to the middle of the screen, spreads six wings, and a rainbow colors attack the opponent. bright light fills the background.
- In the videogame Diablo 2 Lord of Destruction, there is an amulet named the Seraph Hymn that benefits the Holy Paladin.
- In Shadow Hearts: Covenant Dark Seraphim is one of Yuri's final fusions.
- Seraph's Coal is the name of a band from Adelaide, Australia. The name is in reference to the bible verse where the seraph burns the lips with coal.
- Madeline L'Engle's book Many Waters has references to Seraphim, and also Cherubim.
[edit] Trivia
The Japanese indie band Malice Mizer did a song called Seraph, which was sung by their first vocalist, Tetsu.
The American darkwave band The Crüxshadows has a song called The Seraphs on the album Wishfire from 2002.
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- (AngelFocus.com) "Dionysius Hierarchy of Angels" Popularized scheme adapted from Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, Celestial Hierarchy
- Judaism FAQs: What about angels, demons, miracles, and the supernatural?
- JewishEncyclopedia: Seraphim
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