The Great Escape
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| The Great Escape | |
|---|---|
 Original regular movie poster |
|
| Directed by | John Sturges |
| Produced by | John Sturges |
| Written by | Book: Paul Brickhill Screenplay: James Clavell W.R. Burnett |
| Starring | Steve McQueen James Garner Richard Attenborough James Donald Charles Bronson Donald Pleasence James Coburn John Leyton David McCallum Gordon Jackson Nigel Stock |
| Music by | Elmer Bernstein |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date(s) | July 4, 1963 |
| Running time | 172 min |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $4,000,000 |
| All Movie Guide profile | |
| IMDb profile | |
The Great Escape, written by James Clavell, W.R. Burnett, and Walter Newman (uncredited), and directed by John Sturges is a popular 1963 World War II film, based on a true story about Allied prisoners of war with a record for escaping from German prisoner-of-war camps. The Luftwaffe placed them in a new more secure camp, Stalag Luft III, from which they promptly formed a plan to break out 250 men.
The film was based upon the factual book of the same name by Paul Brickhill, who observed the actual events as a prisoner.
Featuring an all-star cast including Steve McQueen (whose motorcycle chase is the film's most remembered action scene; he also did many of his own stunts), James Garner, Richard Attenborough, James Coburn, Charles Bronson and Donald Pleasence — The Great Escape is regarded as a classic and frequently repeated on television.
The march tune that serves as the film's theme, written by Elmer Bernstein, has also become a classic.
Contents |
[edit] Synopsis
The German High Command becomes annoyed by the men and resources wasted recapturing escaping prisoners of war, so it takes the most determined and successful and moves them to a brand new, high-security prison camp, which the commandant, von Luger (Hannes Messemer), proclaims escape proof. The most dangerous of all, Squadron Leader Roger Bartlett (Richard Attenborough), known as "Big X", is dropped off by the Gestapo, who warn him that if he ever escapes again he will be shot.
When he finds himself locked up with "every escape artist in Germany", Bartlett immediately begins planning the largest escape ever attempted. Teams of men are organized to survey, dig, hide the dirt, manufacture civilian clothing, forge documents, provide security and distractions, and procure contraband materials. Hendley (James Garner), the "scrounger," finds ingeniously devious ways to get whatever the others need, from a camera to identity cards. Sedgwick (James Coburn), the "manufacturer," makes many of the tools they need, such as picks for digging and bellows for pumping breathable air into the tunnels. Danny Velinski (Charles Bronson), the "tunnel king", is in charge of digging, while forgery is handled by Colin Blythe (Donald Pleasence). Meanwhile, "Cooler King" Hilts (Steve McQueen) manages to irritate the German guards with a combination of his frequent escapes and his smart-aleck behavior.
The prisoners work on three escape tunnels ("Tom", "Dick" and "Harry") simultaneously. After the first tunnel is discovered, they put all their efforts into completing the third.
The last part of the tunnel is completed on the night of the escape, but is found to be twenty feet short of the woods that would provide cover. Nevertheless, seventy-six men escape before one is finally spotted coming out of the tunnel.
After various attempts to reach neutral Switzerland, Sweden, and Spain, including Hilts' famous motorcycle chase at the Swiss border, almost all of the escapees are recaptured or killed. Only three (Danny and Willie, the two "tunnel kings," and Sedgwick, the "manufacturer") evade capture and make it to safety. Instead of being returned to camp, fifty of the captured prisoners, including Bartlett, are taken to an open field and shot. Senior British Officer Group Captain Ramsey (James Donald) learns of the massacre from von Luger, who has been relieved of command.
[edit] The real events
Although many elements of the film are based on fact, real-life men and events are condensed in the film. Thus James Garner's character of Hendley represents several blackmailers and suppliers. Similarly the forger, played by Donald Pleasance in the movie, is actually a composite of at least two men, Tim Walenn and James Hill.
Elements of the film based on fact:
- Three tunnels were dug, shored up and lit much as portrayed in the film. One of them was discovered by the Germans just as it was on the verge of completion. Sand from the tunnels was put in bags which were hidden in the prisoners' trousers. The prisoners would wander around the camp and pins sealing the bags would be released, spreading the dirt over the compound. The men doing this job were known as "penguins".
- POWs who came up with plans to escape needed permission to proceed from the Escape Committee. This was in order to avoid conflicting escape plans from cancelling each other out: an escaping prisoner being caught by the guards could cause the alarm to be raised and ruin another escape attempt. (Thus Hilts and Ives need Bartlett's go-ahead before proceeding with their attempt to dig under the wire.)
- Due to some miscalculation the tunnel used in the actual escape did come short of the trees, but the escape had to proceed or the forged papers would no longer be valid. The prisoners really did fabricate the aforementioned papers as well as their 'escape suits'.
- Only 76 of the projected 250 men escaped the camp and an air raid did take place during the break-out. And, as shown in the film, only three POWs managed to get out of Germany and into neutral territory: in real life they were Norwegians Per Bergsland and Jens Muller who escaped to Sweden and Dutchman Bram van der Stok who finally reached Spain.
- 50 of those recaptured were murdered by the Gestapo, a serious violation of the Geneva Convention. Investigations made after the war led to the arrest, conviction and, in many cases, execution of those involved.
- Roger Bartlett, Richard Attenborough's character, was based on Roger Bushell, the real-life mastermind of the escape, who was regarded as a brilliant organiser and leader of men.
- Danny Velinski, Charles Bronson's character, is generally considered to have been based principally on Wally Floody, Canadian mining engineer and pilot, who also acted as a technical advisor for the film. He was transferred before the actual escape. The character is also considered to represent F/Lt Ernst Valenta, F/O Danny Krol, and F/O Wlodzimierz Adam Kolanowski who were involved in the design and maintenance of the tunnels. They participated in the escape but were captured and shot.[1]
One important factor which was kept out of the film was the help the escapers got from outside the camp as far back as their home countries. Prisoners-of-war received much material from home which proved invaluable for this and many other escapes. Acting through secret agencies such as MI9, families from Allied nations would send maps, papers, tools and disguise material hidden in gifts like books, food and harmless-looking objects: a small map of Germany could be concealed inside a pen for example. Ex-POWs asked the filmmakers not to include this kind of detail as they were concerned it could jeopardise the chances of future prisoners escaping, especially since the Vietnam War was still at its height.[2]
[edit] The fictional events in the film
Elements of the film based not on fact included:
- The film depicts "Tom"'s entrance as being under a stove and "Harry"'s as being in a drain sump in a wash room. In actuality, "Dick"'s entrance was the drain sump, "Harry"'s was under the stove, and "Tom"'s was in a darkened corner.
- No members of the American armed forces actually escaped. While many had worked very hard on the construction of both "Tom" and "Harry", by the time of the escape through Harry the American prisoners had been moved to a separate compound.
- Hilts' dash by motorcycle for the border is fictional. It was made on the insistence of McQueen, a keen motorcyclist, and has become one of the most famous action scenes of 1960s classic cinema.
- The theft of a German airplane by Hendley and Blythe is also fictitious, although there was a failed attempt by Lorne Welch and Walter Morison to steal a plane following the delousing party escape a year earlier.[3]
- The murders of the 50 airmen were conducted in small numbers, not en masse. Usually as the prisoners were being driven by automobile, the men would be told to get out and stretch their legs, and would be killed by machine pistols or a gun pressed to their head. The actual murders, and the manhunt for the perpetrators after the war, is outlined in the book Exemplary Justice.
[edit] Other 'great' escapes
While 76 prisoners did escape from Stalag Luft III, larger escapes occurred during World War II:
- The Cowra breakout, August 1944, Australia: 545 Japanese POWs attempted escape and/or suicide. 231 prisoners and four Australian soldiers were killed and the surviving escapees were recaptured.
- At Sobibór extermination camp in October 1943, about 300 prisoners escaped. Only about 50 escapers survived the war. They killed at least 11 SS and Trawniki in the lead-up to the break.
- The escape from Oflag XVII-A Doellersheim, Germany. Of 131 French soldiers in September 1943 only two succeeded in evading recapture.
[edit] Sequels and remakes
| Ratings | |
|---|---|
| Australia: | PG |
| Finland: | K-16 |
| Germany: | 12 |
| Iceland: | 12 |
| Norway: | 16 |
| Portugal: | M/12 |
| Sweden: | 15 |
| United Kingdom: | PG |
| United States: | PG |
A highly fictionalized, made-for-television sequel, The Great Escape II: The Untold Story, appeared many years later. It starred Christopher Reeve with Pleasence as an SS villain.
The Bollywood film Deewar: Let's Bring Our Heroes Back is based loosely on the same plot, although it involves a prisoner's (Amitabh Bachchan) son (Akshay Khanna) aiding the escape from without.
[edit] The Great Escape in popular culture
- An ad for beer was made in the early 1990s and shown on British TV. It featured some of McQueen's scenes from the film and included additional footage with Griff Rhys Jones.
- Some ads for the Hummer H3 in the fall of 2006 played the tune, as the employees of a nondescript company plot a "Great escape" to drive their Hummers.
- An Australian Shell Oil television commercial from 1988 paid homage to Hilts' motorbike escape by having the hero escape German soldiers but not before filling up his motorbike at an abandoned Shell petrol station. However, unlike the movie, the hero manages to jump the last barricade and escape into the distance.
- This commercial was parodied in an episode of Fast Forward, with a different ending. After completing the jump, the hero looks back in triumph, and is promptly gunned down by his pursuers. The commercial's motto is then shown: "There is more than one kind of Shell".
- In The Simpsons episode A Streetcar Named Marge (1992), Maggie plots a "Great Escape" from the Ayn Rand School for Tots.
- The popular sitcom Hogan's Heroes was a spoof based on The Great Escape and Stalag 17.
- In Red Dwarf episode "Queeg", Holly begins whistling the tune as a plan is set in motion to oppose the demanding backup computer Queeg, while Lister and The Cat scrub the floor to his whistling.
- The animated film Chicken Run (2000) contains many references. The film also references Stalag 17, considered (along with "Escape") to be one of the greatest World War II prisoner-of-war movies.
- The Great Escape theme tune is used in an Australian beer advertisement for Tooheys, where people launch beer brewing ingredients into the sky, eventually producing "beer rain".
- In the first Charlie's Angels movie, the character Bosley (played by Bill Murray), while being held hostage by the criminals, has a baseball glove and is sitting on the floor throwing a baseball against the wall like Steve McQueen.
- Owing to the fame and popularity of the film, countless other references are made in many other adverts, TV programmes and movies alike.
- In football at the England National team games a group of fans called The England Supporters Band plays the great escape tune with musical instruments (especially trumpet and drum) and the fans sing and clap to the tune.
- An episode of The Life and Times of Juniper Lee shares the same name of the movie.
- In the PS2 video game Metal Gear Solid 3, the character Major Zero initially adopts the codename "Major Tom", in reference to the name of the tunnel used in The Great Escape to successfully escape. However, after the failure of the first mission, Zero reveals that, upon watching the film again, the tunnel "Tom" was one of the two discovered by the Stalag guards. He then returns to using "Major Zero," believing that his mistake brought bad luck upon the Virtuous Mission.
- British stand-up comedian Eddie Izzard's 1997 "Dress To Kill" performance included an 8-minute segment about "The Great Escape" in which Izzard humorously questioned the plausibility of the movie's plot and the demoralizing fact that all the British characters ended tragically despite all their cunning and planning while the Americans--notably Steve McQueen--survive. Known for his surrealist, stream-of-consciousness type of stand-up comedy, Izzard would digress often during this particular routine as he tried to remember all the characters and actors. This is exemplified best on the CD version of "Dress To Kill" where Izzard gets heckled by a fan during the Great Escape bit, demanding that Izzard "moves on".
- An Australian music festival, held at Newington Armoury within the Homebush Olympic Development, bears the same name as the movie. The festival originated as The Cockatoo Island Festival in 2005 but, due to its popularity, was moved to Newington and the name changed to The Great Escape for the 2006 festival, which was held over the Easter long weekend. Following its success in 2006, The Great Escape will return to Newington Armoury over the Easter long weekend 2007.
- British comedy series Monty Python's Flying Circus once referenced The Great Escape; in the episode "Mr And Mrs Brian Norris' Ford Popular", a sketch featured three spokesmen for the weight-loss aid "Trim-Jeans", who were hosting "Trim-Jeans Theatre Presents", which featured adaptations of famous films and plays featuring characters clad in Trim-Jeans and making references to losing weight during their performance. The highlight of the show was "the Trim-Jeans version of 'The Great Escape', with a cast of thousands losing well over fifteen hundred inches", and which featured nearly everyone in the film (Allied escapees and German guards--and even their guard dogs) involved in a massive chase following the POW escape; a caption appeared during the chase proclaiming "INCHES LOST SO FAR" with a counter that increased as the chase went on.
[edit] Additional production information
- This film shares three of its stars (Steve McQueen, Charles Bronson and James Coburn), its director and producer (John Sturges), its composer (Elmer Bernstein), a screenwriter Walter Newman (uncredited), and its editor (Ferris Webster) with The Magnificent Seven. Both films also feature one of the stars of The Man from U.N.C.L.E.: David McCallum appears in this film while Robert Vaughn appears in the earlier one.
- Steve McQueen, an expert motorbiker, did most of his own motorbike stunts, but some of the more dangerous stunts required the use of a double. Bud Ekins, a friend and fellow motorbike enthusiast, happened to resemble McQueen sufficiently, from a distance, to be able to do the stunts without audience members detecting the double. Ekins was only on-screen for a few seconds, and his few shots were flawlessly edited together with the many individual shots of McQueen riding alongside and between the fences. Ekins performed the 60-foot (≈18 m) jump over the inner Austrian/Swiss border fence. He also did the scene sliding his bike into the outer fence. According to the DVD extra, McQueen did much of the bike work, even doubling as one of his own helmeted German pursuers. Ekins also later doubled for McQueen in Bullitt.
- As noted by David McCallum in the DVD extra, the "barbed wire" that Hilts (Steve McQueen) crashed into in the scene described above, was actually made of little strips of rubber tied around normal wire, and was made by the cast and crew during their free time.
- The movie debuted at Culver Military Academy in Indiana because the Commandant of the Academy was an allied prisoner of war in World War II and consultant on the film.
- Donald Pleasence had actually served in the Royal Air Force during World War II. He was shot down, and spent a year in a German prisoner-of-war camp. Screenwriter James Clavell served in the Royal Artillery, and was captured by the Japanese. He was interned in Java and later to the notorious Changi Prison camp in Singapore. In an archival interview in the DVD special, Pleasence said the prison camp was sufficiently realistic and that it was upsetting at first.
- There was a camp theatre at Stalag Luft III which mounted several productions. Among its actors were Talbot Rothwell, Roy Dotrice, Peter Butterworth, and Rupert Davies.
- Several video games were created based on the movie, including one in 1986 and one in 2003.
- Though the film is today considered a classic, it was largely ignored at the 1963 Academy Awards. Ferris Webster's film editing received the only nomination, though he lost to Harold F. Kress for How the West Was Won.
[edit] Books about The Great Escape
- The Great Escape, Paul Brickhill.
- The Longest Tunnel, Alan Burgess.
- "Tre kom tilbake" (Three returned)", the Norwegian book by surviving escapee Jens Müller. Publ.: Gyldendal 1946.
- The Wooden Horse, Eric Williams (about another escape from the same camp, Stalag Luft III).
- Exemplary Justice, Allen Andrews. Details the manhunt by the Royal Air Force's special investigations unit after the war to find and bring to trial the perpetrators of the "Sagan murders".
- Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III), Mark Kozak-Holland. The prisoners formally structured their work as a project. This book analyzes their efforts using modern project management methods.
[edit] Notes
- ^ History in film - The Great Escape
- ^ The Great Escape: Heroes Underground documentary, available on The Great Escape DVD Special Edition.
- ^ Morison, Walter (1995). Flak and Ferrets. Sentinel Publishing. ISBN 1874767106.
[edit] External links
- The Great Escape at the Internet Movie Database
- The Real Great Escape
- Great Escape (PBS Nova)
- Detailed information about the real event
- Exhibition about this and other escapes at the Imperial War Museum, London (until 31 July 2006)
- First hand account of Stalag Luft III by Wing Commander Ken Rees
- Pivotal Games site for the computer game version of The Great Escape
- World of Sinclair entry for the 1986 video game
- Project Management lessons from the Great Escape
| John Sturges | |
|---|---|
| 1940s | The Man Who Dared | Shadowed | Alias Mr. Twilight | For the Love of Rusty | Keeper of the Bees | The Sign of the Ram | Best Man Wins | The Walking Hills |
| 1950s | The Magnificent Yankee | The Capture | Mystery Street | Right Cross | Kind Lady | The People Against O'Hara | It's a Big Country (with Clarence Brown, Don Hartman, Richard Thorpe, Charles Vidor, Don Weis and William A. Wellman) | The Girl in White | Jeopardy | Fast Company | Escape from Fort Bravo | Bad Day at Black Rock | Underwater! | The Scarlet Coat | Backlash | Gunfight at the O.K. Corral | The Law and Jake Wade | The Old Man and the Sea | Last Train from Gun Hill | Never So Few |
| 1960s | The Magnificent Seven | By Love Possessed | Sergeants 3 | A Girl Named Tamiko | The Great Escape | The Satan Bug | The Hallelujah Trail | Hour of the Gun | Ice Station Zebra | Marooned |
| 1970s | Joe Kidd | Chino | McQ | The Eagle Has Landed |
