Name |
Constitutional basis |
Head of state |
Basis of executive legitimacy |
Afghanistan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Albania |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Algeria |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Andorra |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Angola |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Antigua and Barbuda |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Argentina |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Armenia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Australia |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Austria |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Azerbaijan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Bahamas |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Bahrain |
Constitutional monarchy |
Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament |
Bangladesh |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Barbados |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Belarus |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Belgium |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Belize |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Benin |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Bhutan |
Absolute monarchy |
Bolivia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Botswana |
Republic |
Executive |
Parliamentary |
Brazil |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Brunei |
Absolute monarchy |
Bulgaria |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Burkina Faso |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Burundi |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Cambodia |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Cameroon |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Canada |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Cape Verde |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Central African Republic |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Chad |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Chile |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
China, People's Republic of |
Republic |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
China, Republic of |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Colombia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Comoros |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Congo, Democratic Republic of the |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Congo, Republic of the |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Costa Rica |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Côte d'Ivoire |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Croatia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Cyprus |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Czech Republic |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Denmark |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Djibouti |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Dominica |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Dominican Republic |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
East Timor |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Ecuador |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Egypt |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
El Salvador |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Equatorial Guinea |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Eritrea |
Republic |
No constitutional basis to current regime |
Estonia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Ethiopia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Fiji |
Republic |
No constitutional basis to current regime |
Finland |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
France |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Gabon |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Gambia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Georgia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Germany |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Ghana |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Greece |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Grenada |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Guatemala |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Guinea |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Guinea-Bissau |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Guyana |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Haiti |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Honduras |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Hungary |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Iceland |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
India |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Indonesia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Iran |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Iraq |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Ireland |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Israel |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Italy |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Jamaica |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Japan |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Jordan |
Constitutional monarchy |
Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament |
Kazakhstan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Kenya |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Kiribati |
Republic |
Executive |
Parliamentary |
Korea, North |
Republic |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
Korea, South |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Kuwait |
Constitutional monarchy |
Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament |
Kyrgyzstan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Laos |
Republic |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
Latvia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Lebanon |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Lesotho |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Liberia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Libya |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Liechtenstein |
Constitutional monarchy |
Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament |
Lithuania |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Luxembourg |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Macedonia |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Madagascar |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Malawi |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Malaysia |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Maldives |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Mali |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Malta |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Marshall Islands |
Republic |
Executive |
Parliamentary |
Mauritania |
Republic |
No constitutional basis to current regime |
Mauritius |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Mexico |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Moldova |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Monaco |
Constitutional monarchy |
Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament |
Mongolia |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Montenegro |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Morocco |
Constitutional monarchy |
Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament |
Mozambique |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Myanmar |
Republic |
No constitutional basis to current regime |
Namibia |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Nauru |
Republic |
Executive |
Parliamentary |
Nepal |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Netherlands |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
New Zealand |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Nicaragua |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Niger |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Nigeria |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Norway |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Oman |
Absolute monarchy |
Pakistan |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Palau |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Panama |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Papua New Guinea |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Paraguay |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Peru |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Philippines |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Poland |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Portugal |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Qatar |
Absolute monarchy |
Romania |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Russia |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Rwanda |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Saint Lucia |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Samoa |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
San Marino |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
São Tomé and Príncipe |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Saudi Arabia |
Absolute monarchy |
Senegal |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Serbia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Seychelles |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Sierra Leone |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Singapore |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Slovakia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Slovenia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Solomon Islands |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Somalia |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
South Africa |
Republic |
Executive |
Parliamentary |
Spain |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Sri Lanka |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Sudan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Suriname |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Swaziland |
Absolute monarchy |
Sweden |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Switzerland |
Republic |
Executive |
Parliamentary |
Syria |
Republic |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
Tajikistan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Tanzania |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Thailand |
Constitutional monarchy |
No constitutional basis to current regime |
Togo |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Tonga |
Absolute monarchy |
Trinidad and Tobago |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Tunisia |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Turkey |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Turkmenistan |
Republic |
No constitutional basis to current regime |
Tuvalu |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Uganda |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Ukraine |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
United Arab Emirates |
Constitutional monarchy |
Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament |
United Kingdom |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
United States |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Uruguay |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Uzbekistan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Vanuatu |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Parliamentary |
Vatican City |
Absolute monarchy |
Venezuela |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Vietnam |
Republic |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
Yemen |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Western Sahara |
Republic |
Executive |
Semi-Presidential |
Zambia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |
Zimbabwe |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidential |