奧克蘭運動家
维基百科，自由的百科全书
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| 奧克蘭運動家 Oakland Athletics "The A's" 創建於1901年 1968年起在奧克蘭 |
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| 大聯盟組織 | |||
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| 退休號碼 | 9、27、34、42、43 | ||
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(簡稱"A's") |
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| 主場 | |||
| 大聯盟冠軍 | |||
| 世界大賽冠軍 (9) | 1910、1911、1913、1929、1930、1972、1973、1974、1989 | ||
| 美國聯盟冠軍 (15) | 1990、1989、1988、1974、1973、1972、1931、1930、1929、1914、1913、1911、1910、1905、1902 | ||
| 美聯西區冠軍 (14) [1] | 2006、2003、2002、2000、1992、1990、1989、1988、1981、1975、1974、1973、1972、1971 | ||
| 外卡 (1) | 2001 | ||
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[1]—1994年因為球員罷工，使得球季最後八個星期賽事被取消。奧克蘭運動家當時戰績雖然是少於五成勝率12場，但卻是排名第二，在德州遊騎兵後。當年沒有宣佈任何正式獎項。 |
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奥克兰运动家（Oakland Athletics），是一支主場位於加州奥克兰的美國職棒大聯盟球隊，隸屬於美國聯盟西區。
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[编辑] 球队历史
[编辑] 奧克蘭 (1968年至今)
[编辑] 第三王朝(1972年-1975年)
The team arrived in Oakland just as the team was beginning to gel. They moved into the one-year-old Oakland-Alameda Coliseum (now McAfee Coliseum.) On May 8, 1968 in a game against the Minnesota Twins, Jim "Catfish" Hunter pitched the first perfect game in the American League since 1922. Managed by Bob Kennedy, the A's finished the 1968 season with an 82–80 record—their first winning season since 1952. With expansion to 12 teams in 1969, the American League was divided into two 6-team divisions. During that year, the Athletics finished second in the A.L. West Division behind the Minnesota Twins—the first time they had finished in the first division since 1952. Finley officially changed the team name from the Athletics to the "A's" in 1970, the first year that an "apostrophe-s" appeared after the traditional "A" logo.
Everything finally came together for the A's as the 1970s dawned. After another second-place finish in 1970, the A’s won the A.L. West title in 1971 for their first postseason appearance of any kind since 1931. However, they lost to the Baltimore Orioles in the American League Championship Series. In 1972, the A's won their first league pennant since 1931 and faced the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series.
That year, the A's began wearing solid green or solid gold jerseys, with contrasting white pants, at a time when most other teams wore all-white uniforms at home and all-grey ones on the road. Similar to more colorful amateur softball uniforms, they were considered a radical departure for their time. Furthermore, in conjunction with a Moustache Day promotion, Finley offered $500 to any player who grew a moustache by Father's Day, at a time when every other team forbade facial hair. When Father's Day arrived, every member of the team collected a bonus. The 1972 World Series against the Cincinnati Reds was termed “The Hairs vs. the Squares,” as the Reds wore more traditional uniforms and required their players to be clean-shaven and short-haired. A contemporaneous book about the team was called Moustache Gang. The A's seven-game victory over the heavily-favored Reds gave the team its first World Series Championship since 1930.
They defended their title in 1973 and 1974. Unlike Mack's champions, who thoroughly dominated their opposition, the A’s teams of the 1970s played well enough to win their division (which was usually known as the "American League Least" during this time). They then defeated teams that had won more games during the regular season with good pitching, good defense, and clutch hitting. Finley called this team the “Swingin’ A’s.” Players such as Reggie Jackson, Sal Bando, Joe Rudi, Bert Campaneris, Catfish Hunter, Rollie Fingers, and Vida Blue formed the nucleus of these teams.
The players often said in later years that they played so well as a team due to their universal dislike for Finley. For instance, Finley threatened to pack Jackson off to the minors in 1969 after Jackson hit 47 homers; Commissioner Bowie Kuhn had to intervene in their contract dispute. Kuhn intervened again after Blue won the A.L. Cy Young Award in 1971 and Finley threatened to send him to the minors. Finley's tendency for micromanaging his team actually dated to the team's stay in Kansas City. Among the more notable incidents during this time was a near-mutiny in 1967; Finley responded by releasing the A's best hitter, Ken Harrelson, who promptly signed with the Red Sox and helped lead them to the pennant.
The Athletics' victory over the New York Mets in the 1973 Series was marred by Finley's antics. Finley forced Mike Andrews to sign a false affidavit saying he was injured after the reserve second baseman committed two consecutive errors in the 12th inning of the A's Game Two loss to the Mets. When other team members, manager Dick Williams, and virtually the entire viewing public rallied to Andrews' defense, Kuhn forced Finley to back down. However, there was nothing that said the A's had to play Andrews. Andrews entered Game 4 in the eighth inning as a pinch-hitter to a standing ovation from sympathetic Mets fans. He promptly grounded out, and Finley ordered him benched for the remainder of the Series. Andrews never played another major league game. As it was, the incident allowed the Mets, a team that went but 82–79 during the regular season, to go seven games before losing to a superior team. Williams was so disgusted by the affair that he resigned after the Series. Finley retaliated by vetoing Williams' attempt to become manager of the Yankees. Finley claimed that since Williams still owed Oakland the last year of his contract, he could not manage anywhere else. Finley relented later in 1974 and allowed Williams to take over as manager of the California Angels.
After the Athletics' victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1974 Series (under Alvin Dark), pitcher Catfish Hunter filed a grievance, claiming that the team had violated its contract with Hunter by failing to make timely payment on an insurance policy during the 1974 season as called for. On December 13, 1974, arbitrator Peter Seitz ruled in Hunter’s favor. As a result, Hunter became a free agent, and signed a contract with the Yankees for the 1975 season. Despite the loss of Hunter, the A’s repeated as A.L. West champions in 1975, but lost the ALCS to Boston in a 3-game sweep.
[编辑] 自由球員制度、A's的拆解、和Finley年代的結束
In 1975, fed up with poor attendance in Oakland during the team's championship years, Finley thought of moving yet again. When Seattle filed a lawsuit against Major League Baseball over the move of the Seattle Pilots to Milwaukee, Finley and others came up with an elaborate shuffle which would move the ailing Chicago White Sox to Seattle. Finley then would move the A's to Chicago, closer to his home in LaPorte, Indiana and take the White Sox place at Comiskey Park. The scheme fell through when Arthur Allyn sold the White Sox to another colorful owner, Bill Veeck. Veeck had no intention of abandoning Chicago.
As the 1976 season got underway, the basic rules of player contracts were changing. Seitz had ruled that baseball’s reserve clause only bound players for one season after their contract expired. Thus, all players not signed to multi-year contracts would be eligible for free agency at the end of the 1976 season. The balance of power had shifted from the owners to the players for the first time since the days of the Federal League. Like Mack had done twice before, Finley reacted by trading star players and attempting to sell others. On June 15, 1976, Finley sold left fielder Rudi and relief pitcher Fingers to Boston for $1 million apiece, and pitcher Blue to the New York Yankees for $1.5 million. Three days later, Kuhn voided the transactions in the “best interests of baseball.” Amid all the turmoil, the A's still finished second in the A.L. West, 2.5 games behind the Royals.
After 1976 the season, most of the Athletics’ veteran players did become eligible for free agency, and predictably almost all left. Three thousand miles and several decades later, one of baseball’s most storied franchises suffered yet another dismemberment of a dynasty team. As happened with the end of the A's first dynasty in the early 1900s, the collapse was swift and total. The next three years were as bad as the worst days in Philadelphia or Kansas City, with the A's finishing last twice and next-to-last once. In 1977, for instance—only three years after winning the World Series—the A's finished with the worst record in the American League, behind even the expansion Seattle Mariners.
At the end of the 1977 season, Finley attempted to trade Blue to the Reds for a player of lesser stature and cash, but Kuhn vetoed the deal, claiming that it was tantamount to a fire sale of the star pitcher similar to the sales he voided during 1976. He also claimed that adding Blue to the Reds' already formidable pitching staff would make a mockery of the National League West race. Later, the Commissioner approved a trade of relief pitcher Doug Bair to the Reds in a deal that resembled a true trade. At the same time, Blue was traded across the bay to the San Francisco Giants in a multi-player trade that likewise received the Commissioner's blessing.
The A's had never drawn well since moving to Oakland (even during the World Series years), and during the next three years attendance dropped so low that the Coliseum became known as the "Oakland Mausoleum," and its upkeep went downhill. At one point, the A's broadcasted their games on KALX, a 10-watt college radio station run by the University of California, Berkeley. Some fans nicknamed them the "Triple-A's." Finley nearly sold the team to buyers who would have moved them to Denver for the 1978 season and New Orleans for 1979. Not surprisingly, only 306,763 paying customers showed up to watch the A's in 1979, the team's worst attendance since leaving Philadelphia.
After three dismal seasons on the field and at the gate, the team started to gel again. In a masterstroke, Finley hired Billy Martin to manage the young team. Martin made believers of his young charges, “Billyball” was used to market the team, and the Athletics finished second in 1980. In 1981, the team lost in the American League Championship Series after winning the "first half" AL West Division title of the strike-interrupted 1981 season.
However, during that same season Finley's wife sought a divorce. Since she would not accept part of a baseball team in a property settlement, the team had to be sold. Though Finley found a buyer who would have moved the Athletics to Denver, the tentative deal was voided when the city of Oakland and Alameda County refused to let the team out of its lease with the Coliseum. Finley then looked to local buyers, selling the A's to San Francisco clothing manufacturer Walter A. Haas, Jr., president of Levi Strauss & Co. prior to the 1981 season.
[编辑] 當地人擁有運動家隊：Haas的年代
Despite winning three World Series Championships and two other A.L. West Division titles, the A's on-field success did not translate into success at the box office during the Finley Era in Oakland. Average home attendance from 1968–1980 was 777,000 per season, with 1,075,518 in 1975 being the highest attendance for a Finley-owned team. In marked contrast, during the first year of Haas' ownership, the Athletics drew 1,304,052—in a season shortened by a player strike. Were it not for the strike, the A's were on a pace to draw over 2.2 million in 1981. During the 15 years of Haas' ownership, the Athletics became one of baseball’s most successful teams at the gate, drawing 2,900,217 in 1990, still the club record for single season attendance, as well as on the field. Average annual home attendance during those years (excluding the strike years of 1981 and 1994) was over 1.9 million.
Haas set about changing the team's image. He ditched Charlie O. as the team mascot, and pictures of Connie Mack and other greats from the Philadelphia days appeared in the team office. The traditional team name "Athletics" was restored immediately, with the new ownership group formally known as "The Oakland Athletics Baseball Company." While the team colors remained green, gold, and white, the garish Kelly green was replaced with a more subdued forest green. After a 23-year hiatus, the elephant was restored as the club mascot in 1986. The script "Athletics," which had adorned home and road jerseys from 1954-1960, was returned to home jerseys in 1987.
Under the Haas ownership, the minor league system was rebuilt, which bore fruition later that decade as José Canseco (1986), Mark McGwire (1987) and Walt Weiss (1988) were chosen as A.L. Rookies of the Year. During the 1986 season, Tony La Russa was hired as the Athletics’ manager, a post he held until the end of 1995. In 1987, La Russa’s first full year as manager, the team finished at 81–81, its best record in 7 seasons. Beginning in 1988, the Athletics won the A.L. pennant three years in a row. Reminiscent of their Philadelphia predecessors, this A’s team finished with the best record of any team in the major leagues during all 3 years, winning 104 (1988), 99 (1989), and 103 (1990) games, featuring such stars as McGwire, Canseco, Weiss, Carney Lansford, Dave Stewart, and Dennis Eckersley.
Regular season dominance led to some success in the post-season. Their lone victory was a four-game sweep of the cross-bay rival San Francisco Giants in the 1989 World Series. Unfortunately for the A's, their sweep of the Giants was overshadowed by the Loma Prieta earthquake that occurred at the start of Game 3 before a national television audience. This forced the remaining games to be delayed for several days. When play resumed, the atmosphere was dominated more by a sense of relief than celebration by baseball fans. Heavily favored Athletics teams lost the World Series in both 1988, to the Los Angeles Dodgers, and in 1990, to the Cincinnati Reds. The latter was a shocking four-game sweep reminiscent of the A’s loss to the Boston Braves 76 years earlier. The team began a steady decline, winning the A.L. West championship in 1992 (but losing to Toronto in the ALCS), then finishing last in 1993.
[编辑] Schott-Hofmann的年代
Walter Haas於1995年去逝，球隊也隨後在1996年球季前售給了舊金山灣區開發商Steve Schott（與辛辛那提紅人前擁有人Marge Schott無親戚關係）和Ken Hofmann。再一次的，運動家隊的明星球員都被交易出去，因為新老闆的首要目標是刪減球隊薪資支出。許多球員轉至聖路易紅雀，這包括McGwire、Eckersley、和總教練La Russa。冥冥之中就像是38年前運動家隊把Roger Maris交易出去的事件重演，Mark McGwire在轉到紅雀隊後的第一年就創下了新大聯盟單季最多全壘打紀錄。其實McGwire在1997年也有機會破紀錄，他在運動家隊和紅雀隊總共擊出58支全壘打。
The Schott-Hofmann ownership allocated resources to building and maintaining a strong minor league system while almost always refusing to pay the going rate to keep star players on the team once they become free agents. Perhaps as a result, the A’s at the turn of the 21st century were a team that usually finished at or near the top of the A.L. West Division, but could not advance beyond the first round of playoffs. The Athletics made the post season playoffs for four straight years, 2000–2003, but lost their first round (best 3-out-of-5) series in each case, 3 games to 2. In two of those years (2001 against New York and 2003 against Boston), the Athletics won the first two games of the series, only to lose the next three straight and hence the playoffs. In 2004, the A's missed the playoffs altogether, losing the final series of the season—and the divisional title—to the 安那罕天使.
In recent years, the Athletics were best known for starting pitchers Tim Hudson, Mark Mulder, and Barry Zito, collectively referred to as “The Big Three,” as well as infielders Eric Chavez, Jason Giambi, and Miguel Tejada. After becoming free agents, Giambi left for the Bronx Bombers after the 2001 season, while Tejada departed for the Baltimore Orioles after the 2003 season.
The general manager of the Athletics, Billy Beane, has become notable in recent years for Michael Lewis's publicization of Beane's novel approach to business decisions and scouting referred to as Moneyball, both the title of the book, and hence the school of thought to management. The Athletics organization began redefining the way that major league baseball teams evaluate player talent. They began filling their system with players who did not possess traditionally valued baseball "tools" of throwing, fielding, hitting, hitting for power and running. Instead, they drafted for unconventional statistical prowess: on-base percentage for hitters (rather than batting average) and strikeout/walk ratios for pitchers (rather than velocity). These undervalued stats came cheap. With the sixth-lowest payroll in baseball in 2002, the Oakland Athletics won an American League best 103 games. They spent $41M that season, while the Yankees, who also won 103 games, spent $126M. The Athletics have continually succeeded at winning, and defying market economics, keeping their payroll near the bottom of the league. For example, after the 2004 season, in which the A's placed second in their division, Beane shocked many by breaking up the Big Three, trading Tim Hudson to the 亞特蘭大勇士 and Mark Mulder to the 聖路易紅雀。 To many, the trades appeared bizarre, in that the two pitchers were seen to be at or near the top of their game; however, the decision was perfectly in line with Beane's business model as outlined in Moneyball.
[编辑] Wolff的年代
2005年3月30日，運動家隊被售給了由土地開發商Lewis Wolff帶領的團隊。雖然Wolff是一位洛杉磯的商人，但他也成功的執行許多在聖荷西與鄰近地區的開發案。前一個球隊擁有人雇請Wolff來幫他們尋找適合興建新球場的土地。因為Wolff的背景，許多人猜測他將會把球隊遷往聖荷西。但所有遷往聖荷西的計劃將會受到灣區另一邊球隊舊金山巨人的反對，因為巨人隊宣稱他們擁有聖荷西和聖塔克拉拉縣的市場獨佔權（territorial rights）。參見在下面的「球場問題」。
在2005年球季，因為三巨投被Beane拆散了，有些專家認為運動家隊將得到最後一名。起先，這些專家看起來是對的，5月31日時運動家隊以19勝32敗(勝率0.373)墊底。但在這之後，球隊開始發揮，打出了0.622的勝率，直到球季結束，最後的戰績是88勝74敗(勝率0.543)、僅落後剛改名的洛杉磯安那罕天使7場勝差，也曾有數個星期的時間，有機會登上美聯西區第一名的位置。
投手Huston Street被選為2005年美聯新人王，連續兩年一位運動家隊的球員得到這個獎項，游擊手Bobby Crosby在2004年獲得這個獎項。三壘手Eric Chavez連續五年得到美聯三壘手金手套獎。
在缺席兩年後，運動家隊於2006年回到季後賽裡。雖然運動家隊以93勝69負、領先天使隊4場的戰績得到美聯西區冠軍，但在與明尼蘇達雙城的分區系列賽裡運動家隊是不被看好的。在客場開始比賽與失去二壘手Mark Ellis的劣勢下，運動家隊最後仍以3勝0負橫掃雙城隊，進入美國聯盟冠軍賽；Ellis在第二場因為一個觸身球，造成手指骨折而不得不退出之後的賽事。但勝利的喜悅是短暫的，在聯盟冠軍賽裡，運動家隊被底特律老虎以0勝4負橫掃。10月16日，在輸了聯盟冠軍賽後的第四天，總教練Ken Macha被球隊總經理Billy Beane突然開除。Beane宣佈因為是Macha與球員互動不佳、與球隊氣氛不快樂，為開除的原因[1]。
助理教練同時也是前大聯盟捕手的Bob Geren繼任為總教練。2006年球季結束後，運動家隊王牌投手Barry Zito在得到自由球員資格後與舊金山巨人簽約，明星指定打擊與MVP候選人Frank Thomas也在得到自由球員資格後與多倫多藍鳥簽約，但運動家隊則簽來未來名人堂成員Mike Piazza來代替Thomas。Piazza在與運動家隊簽約前只在國家聯盟球隊待過，這也是他生涯首次當專職的指定打擊。
[编辑] 棒球名人堂球员
[编辑] 退休号码
[编辑] 登錄球員
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內野手
外野手 總教練
教練 |
[编辑] 附属小联盟球队
- AAA：沙加緬度河貓 （Pacific Coast League）
- AA：Midland岩獵犬 （Texas League）
- 高级A：Stockton港口 （California League）
- A：Kane County美洲豹 （Midwest League）
- 短A： 溫哥華加拿大人 （Northwest League）
- 新秀：亞利桑那運動家 （Arizona League）
[编辑] 外部链接
| 美國職棒大聯盟 | ||||
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| 國家聯盟 | ||||
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| 美國聯盟 | ||||
| 西區 |
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| 世界大賽 | 國聯冠軍賽 | 美聯冠軍賽 | 國聯分區賽 | 美聯分區賽 | 明星賽 | 獎項 | 名人堂 | 球員協會 | 黑人聯盟 | 小聯盟 | 美國棒球 | 世界棒球經典大賽 | ||||
