Samarkand

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**Samarkand – Crossroads of Culture**¹
**UNESCO World Heritage Site**

State Party	Uzbekistan
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iv
Identification	#603
Region²	Asia-Pacific
Inscription History
Formal Inscription:	2001 25th WH Committee Session
WH link:	http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603
1 Name as officially inscribed on the WH List 2 As classified officially by UNESCO

Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд, Persian: سمرقند‎ , Uzbek: Samarqand, Самарқанд, Russian: Самарканд), population 412,300 in 2005, is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Asian Silk Road between China and the west.

It is located at latitude 39° 39' 15, longitude 66° 57' 35E, at an altitude of 702 meters. Despite its status as the second city of Uzbekistan, the majority of the city's inhabitants (90%) are Persian-speaking Tajiks^{[citation needed]}. In 2001, after several abortive attempts, UNESCO inscribed the 2700-year-old city on the World Heritage List as Samarkand - Crossroads of Cultures.

1 Etymology
2 History
3 Major Sights
4 Notable People born in Samarkand
5 In fiction
6 Non-fiction
7 Trivia
8 Sister cities
9 See also
10 Photo gallery
11 External links

[edit] Etymology

A minaret in Samarkand.

Downtown Samarkand with Bibi Khanym mosque.

The name Samarkand is derived from the Sanskrit term Samara Khanda which literally means "region of war".^[1] In Greek it was known as Marakanda. In Sogdian, the native local Iranian language in pre-Islamic times, kanθ means town, which is derived from Old Persian kanda, meaning a town or a region. They are found in city names like Tashkent (Taksha Khanda), Yarkand, Penjikent etc. Names of countries in the neighborhood like Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan (Turkestan) end with stan which also traces its etymology to Sanskrit and Old Persian sthana (place).

[edit] History

Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade route between China and Europe. At times Samarkand has been the greatest city of Central Asia. Founded circa 700 BC it was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it in 329 BC (see Afrasiab, Sogdiana). Although an Iranian-speaking region, it was not united politically with Iran from Alexander and his generals to the Arab conquest.

Under Abbasid rule, the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas in 751, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world to be founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe (either through Spain or through crusaders).

From the 6th to 13th centuries it grew larger and more populous than modern Samarkand and was controlled by the Western Turks, Arabs (who converted the area to Islam), Persian Samanids, Kara-Khanid Turks, Seljuk Turks, Kara-Khitan, and Khorezmshah before being sacked by the Mongols in 1220. A small part of the population survived, but Samarkand suffered at least another Mongol sack by Khan Baraq to get treasure he needed to pay an army with. The town took many decades to recover from these disasters.

In 1370, Timur the Lame, or Tamerlane, decided to make Samarkand the capital of his projected world empire, which extended from India to Turkey. For the next 35 years, he built a new city, populating it with artisans and craftsmen from all of the places he had captured. Timur gained a reputation for wisdom and generosity, and Samarkand grew to become the center of the region of Transoxiana.

In the 16th century, Shaybanids moved their capital to Bukhara, and Samarkand went into decline. After an assault by the Persian warlord Nadir Shah, the city was abandoned in the 18th century.

In 1868, the city came under Russian rule, when the citadel was stormed by a force under Colonel Alexander Abramov (1836-1886). Shortly thereafter the small Russian garrison of 500 men were themselves besieged. The assault was led by Abdul Malik Tura, the rebellious elder son of the Bukharan Emir, together with the Bek of Shahrisabz, and the attack was beaten off with heavy losses. Abramov, now a general, became the first Governor of the Military Okrug which the Russians established along the course of the River Zeravshan, of which Samarkand was the administrative centre. It later became the capital of the Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan, and grew in importance still further when the Trans-Caspian railway reached the city in 1888. It became the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1925 before being replaced by Tashkent in 1930.

[edit] Major Sights

[edit] Registan

Main article: Registan

Registan is the ensemble of three madrasahs.

One of the most awesome sights in Central Asia, if not one of the most remarkable in the world, the Registan was the center of medieval Samarkand. It consists of three huge madrassas, forming three sides surrounding a huge square.

Ulugh Beg Madrassa on the west was finished in 1420 under Ulugh Beg himself, and contains mosaics with astronomical themes. About 100 students were taught the sciences, astronomy, and philosophy in addition to theology.

Sherdar Madrassa on the east was completed in 1636 by the Shaybanid Emir Yalangtush as a mirror image of Ulugh Beg Madrassa, except with decoration of roaring lions.

Tilla-Kari Madrassa in between was completed in 1660, with a golden decoration and with a pleasant courtyard.

[edit] Bibi-Khanym Mosque

Main article: Bibi-Khanym Mosque

Some argue that this gigantic ruined mosque was built by Timur's Mongol wife, Bibi-Khanym, while Timur was away campaigning. They claim that Bibi-Khanym was from India. According to one of the legends, the architect fell madly in love with her, and refused to complete the job unless she agreed to kiss him. The kiss left a mark, and the outraged Timur ordered both killed. There is no trustworthy source which mentions a wife of Timur who was known by the name 'Bibi-Khanym' (which literally means 'womens-woman or queen of all women' in Persian. Timur's senior wife, a powerful old woman called Saray-mulk-Khanum, in honour of whom the mosque was named, does not call to mind the beautiful heroine of charming fairy tale.

In any event, the mosque, with its main gate over 35 meters tall, is one of the largest and most grandiose buildings in Samarkand. It mostly collapsed in an earthquake in 1897, but it has now been heavily restored by the USSR Government, obliterating what was left of the original tilework.

[edit] Shah-i-Zinda

Main article: Shah-i-Zinda

Perhaps the most beautiful of Samarkand’s sights is the “Tomb of the Living King". The complex is based on the grave of Qusam ibn Abbas, a cousin of the Prophet Muhammad, who brought Islam to this area. His shrine is one of the oldest buildings in Samarkand. According to legend, he is not dead, but only sleeping and his tomb draws thousands of pilgrims. The approach to the tomb is a vast necropolis built on the ruins of the ancient Sogdian city. The major tombs belong to Timur and Ulugh Beg’s extended family and favorites, and are covered in fantastic majolica tile work.

[edit] Gur-e Amir Mausoleum

After the death of his grandson Muhammad-Sultan in 1403 Timur ordered the mausoleum built for him. With time, the Gur-e Amir became the family mausoleum of the Timurid dynasty. See main article at Gur-e Amir

Statue of Timur in Samarkand, Uzbekistan

[edit] Main Bazaar

Extending around and behind Bibi Khanym Mosque, things have been unchanged for centuries.

[edit] The Ruins of Afrasiab

Northeast of the Main Bazaar is the 2.2 sq km archaeological site of ancient Samarkand (Marakanda) or Afrasiab, mostly exposed to the elements. The Afrasiab Museum has some 7th century Sogdian frescos. Of note is the purported tomb of Daniel, the Old Testament prophet.　The restored building is a long, low structure with five domes, containing an immense 18-meter long sarcophagus. According to legend, Daniel’s body grows by half an inch per year, thus the long tomb.

[edit] Ulugh Beg Observatory

Ulugh Beg was probably more famous as an astronomer than a ruler. His works on astronomy were known even in Europe. In the 1420s, he built an immense, 3-story tall sextant, one of the largest ever constructed, in order to measure the positions of the stars with unprecedented accuracy. The ruins were unearthed in 1908.

[edit] State Museum

This crumbling and largely ignored museum contains serious exhibitions on local archaeology, history, and folk crafts.

[edit] Notable People born in Samarkand

Sipandi Samarkandi

[edit] In fiction

In Jinyong's wuxia novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes, the Mongol conquest is mentioned in the story.

In The Arabian Nights, King Shah Zaman is king of Samarkand.

Samarkand can appear as an archetype of romantic exoticism, notably in the work by James Elroy Flecker: The Golden Journey to Samarkand.

Samarcande is the title of a novel by Amin Maalouf, around Omar Khayyám's life.

Samarkand is one of the cities Audre Lorde describes visiting in her collection of essays and speeches, Sister Outsider.

Samarqand is the center of the Islamic Renaissance in Kim Stanley Robinson's The Years of Rice and Salt.

In the science fiction setting of BattleTech, there is a human-populated world named New Samarkand.

The Nightingale of Samarkand is a character in the Broadway musical Once Upon a Mattress.

Angela Carter's short story The Kiss discusses the legend of Tamburlaine's mosque in Samarkand.

In Islamic literature and discussions, Samarkand has taken on a semi-mythological status and is often cited as an ideal of Islamic philosophy and society, a place of justice, fairness, and righteous moderation.

For part of the history espoused in Clive Barker's Galilee, the city of Samarkand is held as a shining light of humanity, and one of the characters longs to go there.

The markets of Samrkand are referenced to more than once in the 1920 Edith Wharton novel The Age of Innocence.

The Amulet of Samarkand is the first book in the Bartimaeus Trilogy written by Jonathan Stroud.

Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka, winner of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature, explores the metaphysical significance of the marketplace in a volume of poetry entitle, Samarkand and Other Markets I Have Known, 2002.

Robert E. Howard wrote a short story in 1932 for Oriental Stories titled "Lord of Samarkand."

The city of Zanarkand in the video game Final Fantasy X may be inspired by Samarkand, both in its name and its status as a beacon of civilization.

In the American film classic It's a Wonderful Life, the character George Bailey (played by James Stewart) shops for a suitcase, saying, "I want something for a thousand and one nights, with plenty of room for labels from Italy and Baghdad, Samarkand... a great big one."

In Fitzroy MacLean's 'Eastern Approaches'

[edit] Non-fiction

In The Travels, of Marco Polo, where Polo records his journey along the Silk Roads, Samarkand is described as a "a very large and splendid city..." Here also is related the story of Christian church in Samarkand, which miraculously remained standing after a portion of its central supporting column was removed.

Murder in Samarkand by Craig Murray is a book about the UK Ambassador to Uzbekistan's experiences in this role, until he was fired in October 2004.

See No Evil by Robert Baer is an autobiography about the author's experiences working for the CIA, at one point visiting Samarkand while serving in Tajikstan in the early 1990's.

Robert D. Kaplan's 1996 political travelogue The Ends Of The Earth has him traversing through a number of places in Africa, Europe, and Asia. In that book, one of the countries is Uzbekistan, and Samarkand is one of the places in Uzbekistan he visits, along with a young translator whose namesake is Ulug Beg.

[edit] Trivia

In 1943, a United States Liberty ship named the SS Peter Cooper was launched. It was renamed the SS Samarkand after being loaned to the British. In 1971 the ship was scrapped.
In Minehead, a seaside town in Somerset, England, there is a giftshop on the Avenue which has taken the name 'Samarkand'.
In NOIDA, an industrial township in India, a popular multi-cuisine restaurant is named 'Samarkand'.
In Bangalore, a popular Afghani restaurant is named 'Samarkand'. This restaurant serves ethnic Samarkhand food in an ethinic samarkhand environment. The restaurant is located in Infantry Road.

The Bookshop Sketch featured in ITVs 'At Last the 1948 Show' refers to a fictional book called "Thirty Days In the Samarkand Desert with a Spoon", by A.E.J. Elliott. The sketch was used also in Monty Python’s Flying Circus, where the book was referred to as "Thirty Days in the Samarkand Desert with the Duchess of Kent" by A. E. J. Elliott, O.B.E.

[edit] Sister cities

These cities were major cities of Greater Khorasan:

Other sister cities:

[edit] See also

Samarkand Airport

[edit] Photo gallery

Another view of the Registan	Colour photograph of a Madrasa taken in Samarkand ca. 1912 by Prokudin-Gorskii.	Old man, photographed by Prokudin-Gorskii near Samarkand before 1915	Fields near Samarkand
Bololar (children) with Bobo ('the da')in Samarkand, before 1915	Marketplace in Samarkand, before 1915	Fabric merchant at the Samarkand market displays colorful silk, cotton, and wool fabrics; before 1915	Shah-e Zindah Tombs