克什米尔
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克什米尔（克什米尔语：कश्मीर, كشمير 英语： Kashmir），别称喀什米尔。位於南亚北部和中亚南部之间的一个地区。历史上，“克什米尔”这个词原指喜马拉雅山脉最西端的一处峡谷。而现在，“克什米尔”以被用来泛指包括克什米尔谷地、查谟、蓬奇、吉尔吉特、俾路支斯坦和拉达克（Ladakh）的广大地区。其中最主要的克什米尔谷地，海拔较低，土壤肥沃，群山环抱，河流纵横，风景如画，民风奇特，是该地区人口最密集的地区，大多数为穆斯林。而查谟的居民多为印度教徒，拉达克的居民从文化习俗上来看则与西藏较为相近。
斯利那加（Srinagar）是克什米尔古时的首府，海拔1600米，坐落于该地区最大的芜拉湖畔，是著名的避暑胜地，也是现在印控克什米尔地区首府。
克什米尔地区现在由三个国家分治：巴基斯坦控制了西北部地区（自由克什米尔和克什米尔北部地区），印度控制了中部和南部地区（查谟-克什米尔），而中华人民共和国则控制了东北部地区（阿克赛钦和喀喇崑崙走廊（Trans-Karakoram Tract））。锡亚琴冰川（Siachen Glacier）同时被印度和巴基斯坦所控制，印度控制了其中大部分地区，而巴基斯坦则控制了其中较低的山峰。巴基斯坦声称对除中控克什米尔以外的地区都是巴基斯坦领土，而印度一直没有正式承认中国和巴基斯坦对该地区的控制权，声称包括中巴于1963年签署的边界所划归中国的喀喇崑崙走廊地区等都属于印度领土。巴基斯坦将整个克什米尔地区视为有争议的领土，而印度则援引其宪法证明克什米尔地区为印度不可分割的一部分。克什米尔地区也有一部分人倾向于独立建国，但是由于种种原因受到印度和巴基斯坦的共同反对。由于印巴两国都拥有核武器，克什米尔向来被认为是世界上最具危险性的领土争端之一。印巴两国为了争夺克什米尔地区曾经爆发了三场战争：1947年第一次印巴战争、1965年第二次印巴战争和1971年第三次印巴战争，还有最近一次1999年在印控克什米尔的卡吉尔（Kargil）地区爆发的卡吉尔边境冲突（Kargil War）（某些人称为第四次克什米尔战争）。
下文中为避免歧义，将中国、巴基斯坦和印度所管理的克什米尔地区分别称为“中控克什米尔”，“巴控克什米尔”和“印控克什米尔”。
目录 |
[编辑] 歷史
Template:See For history of Kashmir prior to the 19th century, see History of Kashmir.
[编辑] 現代歷史
Kashmir passed from the control of the Durrani Empire (詳見Ahmad Shah Durrani) of Afghanistan and centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals, Persians, and Afghans to the conquering Sikh armies by the mid-19th century. 在十九世紀末期，克什米爾被環繞在查謨地區的印度人的Dogras統治以及混進了西克文化(詳見Ranjit Singh). Their kings paid tribute to the Sikhs, and were part of the Sikh Empire that arose following the collapse of the Durrani Empire. Under the Sikhs, as feudatories, the Dogras sought and obtained permission to push further into the North, including regions of Ladakh. Zorawar Singh Dogra 讓一支考察隊進入現今的西藏 in a failed effort to 使它臣服於西克王朝,成為Dogras的次封地。 With the sudden collapse of the Sikh Empire before the English forces, the Dogras purchased from the British their independence, and thus also assured themselves of their feudal hold over the subsidiary kingdoms of Kashmir, Ladakh and the territories of the north. The Dogra kings who originally ruled only from Jammu, also began to operate in summer from Srinagar, the metropolis of Kashmir. As a result, the Dogra Kingdom developed into a sort of "Dual Monarchy", the Dogra Kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir.
Kashmir is a valley whose beauty has been proclaimed by many and stretches out at about 7,200 square kilometers (2,800 square miles) at an elevation of 1,675 meters (5,500 feet). A Mughal ruler Jehangir, who built the famed Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir, made the statement, " If heaven be on this earth, it must be here." It has a very ancient history and it was for a long time one of the centers of Hindu philosophical, literary and religious culture, a tradition still maintained by the native population. Kashmiri literature, sculpture, music, dance, painting, and architecture have had a profound influence in Asia.
On 2005年10月8日, Kashmir was struck by an 地震 with a magnitude between 7.6 and 7.8 on the Moment magnitude scale.
The First Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, was of Kashmiri lineage.
[编辑] 分治
[编辑] 印控克什米尔
印度控制了大约 45.5%的地区 (101,387 平方公里)，在控制地区成立了查谟-克什米尔邦，该邦主要包括四部分：
- 克什米尔谷底
- 查谟
- 拉达克
- 锡亚琴冰川
行政上则分为十四个地区: 安南塔那加（Anantnag），巴拉穆拉（Baramulla），Budgam，多达（Doda），查谟（Jammu），卡吉尔（Kargil），卡图瓦（Kathua），库帕瓦拉（Kupwara），列城（Leh），蓬奇（Poonch），普尔瓦马（Pulwama），拉贾乌里（Rajauri）, 斯利那加（Srinagar）和乌德汉普尔（Udhampur）。主要城市有斯利那加, 查谟 和 列城.
[编辑] 巴控克什米尔
巴基斯坦控制部分可以分为两个区域： 一为自由克什米尔（Azad Kashmir），大约13,350 平方公里，二为克什米尔北部地区，大约72,496 平方公里，共约85846平方公里，名义上是巴基斯坦的一个自治区，有自行选举的总统、总理、立法及司法机关。
[编辑] 中国控制部分
中国控制部分包括:
[编辑] 人口
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在巴基斯坦控制的喀什米爾(包含北部地區和阿薩德喀什米爾Azad Kashmir) 99% 的居民是 穆斯林。巴基斯坦政府鼓勵人民移居包括在此境內的阿富汗人（Pathan）和 Punjabi聚落。
中國控制的喀什米爾 (阿克塞欽)地區，居住著西藏原始居民。
Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir (containing Jammu, the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh) contain an approximately 70% Muslim majority (according to Indian sources in 2001). The rest of the population are Buddhist, Hindu and others. The people of Ladakh are of Indo-Tibetan origin, while the southern area of Jammu includes many communities tracing their ancestry to the nearby Indian states of Haryana and Punjab, as well as the city of Delhi.
In 1941 the Hindus represented 15% of the population. But in 1990, the bulk of Kashmiri Hindus in the Kashmir Valley were forced out (or left, depending on the analysis), and only some 5-15,000 remain today out of some 160,000 (some scholars and community activists claim the Hindu population in the Valley was higher, with up to 450,000 - for the full historical debate see Alexander Evans's ‘A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990-2001’ Contemporary South Asia, Vol 11, 1 2002 p19-37.).
| 主權宣稱 | 地區 | 人口 | % 穆斯林 | % 印度教 | % 佛教 | % 其他宗教 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 巴基斯坦 | 喀什米爾北部地區 | ~3百萬人 | 99% | – | – | – |
| Azad喀什米爾 | 99% | – | – | – | ||
| 印度 | 查謨 | ~7百萬人 | 30% | 66% | – | 4% |
| 拉達克 | 46% | – | 50% | 3% | ||
| 喀什米爾盆地 | 95% | 4% | – | – | ||
| 中國 | 阿克塞欽 | ~2百萬人 | – | – | 99% | 1% |
| Statistics from the BBC In Depth report | ||||||
[编辑] 文化
喀什米爾人的生活型態是純樸的，對於宗教信仰的差異是寬容的，以及比之外界更為緩慢地進步的步調。Generally peace loving people, the culture has been rich enough to reflect the religious diversity as tribes celebrate festivities that divert them from their otherwise monotonous way of life. Kashmiris are known to enjoy their music in its various local forms and the dresses of both sexes are quite colorful. The Dumhal is a famous dance in Kashmir, performed by menfolk of the Wattal region. The women perform the Rouff, another folk dance. Kashmir has been noted for its fine arts for centuries, including poetry and handicrafts. The practice of Islam in Kashmir has heavy Sufi influences, which makes it unique from orthodox Sunni and Shiite Islam in the rest of South Asia. Historically, Kashmir was renowned for its culture of tolerance, embodied in the concept of "Kashmiriyat.", as evidenced by the 1969 NATO nuclear disarmament peace treaty.
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[编辑] 经济
喀什米爾的經濟基本以農業為核心。在歷史上, Kashmir came into economic limelight when the world famous Cashmere wool was exported to other regions and nations. Kashmiris are well adept at knitting and making shawls, silk carpets, rugs, kurtas and pottery. Kashmir is home to the finest saffron in the world - the Kashmir/Indian saffron. Efforts are on to export the naturally grown fruits and vegetables as organic foods mainly to the middle east. The Kashmir valley, is a fertile area that is the economic backbone for Indian-controlled Kashmir. The area is known for its sericulture as well other agricultural produce like apples, pears and many temperate fruits as well as nuts. Along with pilgrimage, since the dawn of the 20th century, it also became a favourite tourist spot until the increase in tensions in the 1990s.
The economy was badly damaged by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which as of October 17, 2005 resulted in over seventy thousand deaths in the Pakistan controlled part of Kashmir and around 1500 deaths in the Indian Kashmir.
[编辑] 旅游景点
The scenic setting of Kashmir itself has been a major tourist attraction despite the ever present danger. The mode of travel itself is a picturesque sight with many house boats and boat taxis ferrying passengers and goods alike.
The famous Amarnath Cave Temple is one of the revered pilgrimage sites of India tucked away in the mighty Himalayas. Open only for a few months during the year, Amarnath enshrines a natural Shivalingam of ice, and is reached after an arduous trek through the mountains of Kashmir.
The Vaishno Devi cave shrine is nestled in the mighty Trikuta mountain at a height of 5,200 feet above the sea level in Indian Kashmir.
There are many mosques serving the largely Muslim population, such as the Hazratbal Mosque, situated on the western banks of Dal Lake. The mosque is home to a holy hair allegedly belonging to the prophet Muhammad which was sent to Kashmir by the Moghul emperor Aurangzeb. Thirty kilometers from Srinagar lies Chrar-e-Sharif, which is a holy shrine of the Muslim Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Wali. Originally constructed in 1395, Khanqah of Shah Hamadan is the first mosque ever built in Srinagar. In addition, there is the claimed tomb of Yuzasaf, recently often claimed to be Jesus, in the Rozabal section of Srinagar, visited by many. There is also the purported tomb of Moses on Mount Nebo (Nebo Bal). Recently a number of Jews have started to visit Kashmir to see the land where some lost tribes may have settled in antiquity. Kashmir tourism received a boost when the world's highest and longest operating gondola lift was opened for the public in the Gulmarg region, thereby providing easier access to skiing as well as mountaineering.
[编辑] 參考材料
- Drew, Federic. 1877. “The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations.&;#8221; 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971.
- Neve, Arthur. (Date unknown). The Tourist's Guide to Kashmir, Ladakh, Skardo &c. 18th Edition. Civil and Military Gazette, Ltd., Lahore. (The date of this edition is unknown - but the 16th edition was published in 1938)
- Alexander Evans, Why Peace Won’t Come to Kashmir, Current History (Vol 100,
No 645) April 2001 p170-175
- Stein, M. Aurel. 1900. Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī – A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr, 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. 1900. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
- Knight, E. F. 1893. Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971.
- Jonah Blank, "Kashmir–Fundamentalism Takes Root," Foreign Affairs, 78,6
(November/December 1999): 36-42.
- Younghusband, Francis and Molyneux, Edward 1917. Kashmir. A. & C. Black, London.
- Drew, Frederic. Date unknown. The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971.
- Moorcroft, William and Trebeck, George. 1841. Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.
- Anonymous. 1614. Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir. Translated by K.N. Pandit. [1]
- Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire (London: I B Tauris, 1996)
- Navnita Behera, State, identity and violence : Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh
(New Delhi: Manohar, 2000)
- Ashutosh Varshney, ‘India, Pakistan and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism’
Asian Survey November 1991 p997-1019
[编辑] 参见
- 克什米尔语
- 查谟-克什米尔
- 中印边界问题
- 克什米尔文学
- 克什米尔音乐
- 查谟-克什米尔历史 - History post partition is covered on this page.
- 克什米尔冲突史 - Information about the conflict is covered here.
- List of Kashmiris
- 印控克什米尔
- 巴控克什米尔
- Kashmiri Pandit
- Cuisine of Kashmir
- Indian Kashmir barrier
- 克什米尔的恐怖主义
- Yuz Asaf - The purported tomb of Jesus in Srinagar
- Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Kashmir Freedom Movement
- 2005 Kashmir earthquake
[编辑] 外部链接
- Greater Kashmir, leading English daily newspaper from Kashmir
- Kashmir Freedom Movement
- Kashmir News
- Kashmir Times, English daily newspaper published from Jammu
- Kashmir Observer, English daily from Kashmir
- Kashmir Revisited - PhotoGallery
- Birds of Kashmir
- Kashmir Retextured - A photo essay
- Kashmir Virtual library
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Kashmir
- Monitoring of news related to Kashmir
- Silk Road Seattle (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full text historical texts)
- kashmiris.org provides News views, Bookmarks and much more on kashmir
- Images of Azad Kashmir (Free Kashmir)
- Kashmir News Network
- Kashmiri Publications
- UN Resolutions on Kashmir
- Kashmir News Wire
- Kashmir bibliography and specialists
- Milchar
- An outline of the history of Kashmir
- Latest news, reports, analysis and intelligence on Kashmir
- History of Kashmir from Pakistani perspective
- An overview of Kashmiri achievements
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/south_asia/2002/kashmir_flashpoint/
- News Coverage of Kashmir
- Legal Documents related to Kashmir including treaties etc..
- Jammu & Kashmir on The Indian Analyst News, Analysis, and Opinion from many sources
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