計程車司機 (電影)
维基百科,自由的百科全书
計程車司機 | |
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導演 | 馬丁·史柯西斯 |
監製 | Julia Phillips & Michael Phillips |
編劇 | 保羅·許瑞德 |
演出 | 勞勃·狄尼洛 茱蒂·福斯特 哈維·凱托 西碧兒·雪佛 Peter Boyle Albert Brooks Leonard Harris |
音樂 | 伯納·赫曼 |
攝影 | Michael Chapman |
剪輯 | Tom Rolf Melvin Shapiro |
發行公司
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Columbia Pictures |
上映日期
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片長 | 113 分鐘 |
語言 | 英語, 瑞典語 |
IMDb zh-cn:信息;zh-tw:資訊(英語) |
zh-cn:出租车司机 (電影);zh-tw:計程車司機 (電影);zh-hk:的士司機 (電影) zh-cn:出租车司机;zh-tw:計程車司機;zh-hk:的士司機(Taxi Driver)是1976年由馬丁·史柯西斯執導,保羅·許瑞德編劇的美國劇情片,由勞勃·狄尼洛和茱蒂·福斯特主演。此片備受電影愛好者尊崇,以其優秀的演出和直析的寫實主義風格而受到讚揚,被認作是馬丁·史柯西斯的經典作品,亦為美國電影史中最具爭議性的影片之一。本片兩位主角勞勃·狄尼洛與茱蒂·福斯特也因片中精彩的演出而走紅;後者於本片上映時更僅有十三歲的稚齡。本片同時也是知名作曲家伯納·赫曼(因參予希區考克電影之配樂而享譽聲名,特別是《驚魂記》一片)生前完成的最後一部電影配樂。本片並題獻予伯納·赫曼,以紀念其貢獻。
宣傳詞:
- 每個城市,每條街道,都有個無名小卒夢想著成為大人物。
- 一個孤單被遺忘的男人,絕望的想證明自己還在活著。
目录 |
[编辑] 劇情概要
崔維斯拜寇(狄尼洛飾)是一個自美國中西部來到紐約的26歲年輕人,個性孤僻、獨來獨往、易沮喪且性事多遇挫折,自稱越戰時服役於海軍陸戰隊。他長期有失眠的困擾,因此在紐約市裡以開夜間計程車為生。崔維斯工作之餘的時間,要不就在破爛的色情電影院裡看成人電影打發時間,要不就是在曼哈頓裡的陰暗地區,漫無目的的駕車遊盪。
他迷戀著於紐約參議員服務處擔任助理的Betsy(雪佛飾),服務處正忙於準備總統提名的事務。她一開始對崔維斯感到好奇,並且他對她表達心意,而很同情她明顯很寂寞的身影,如此,她答應了和崔維斯去約會一次。然而,在約會當天,崔維斯卻帶她去看成人電影,使她慌亂的遠離他。這個決定性的時刻,崔維斯透過旁白,表示他感到相當沮喪、低落,而也成了接下來暴力行為的預告。
崔維斯對自己周遭的道德淪喪感到恐懼,有天晚上,一個十二歲半的雛妓Iris(佛斯特飾)為了離開她的皮條客而上了他的計程車,崔維斯便興起了拯救Iris的念頭,而不管她毫無意願。他認為她是服了毒而無法離開。而她的皮條客Matthew「史波特」(凱托飾)出現時,儼然一副和藹、有愛心的模樣。崔維斯試著說服她回家去和父母在一起,並重新回到學校讀書,但他的努力卻是徒勞無功。
計程車司機裡有一些紛亂的場景,反映出崔維斯不斷惡化的精神狀況和紐約市下流的底層。崔維斯跟名為Easy Andy的黑市商人買了四把手槍。另一場戲裡,後座搭載了一個心碎、瘋狂的商人(最後是由史柯西斯上陣演出),他向崔維斯訴說想殺死他正在偷情的妻子。崔維斯在他常光顧的商店裡遇到了搶劫,而射殺了搶犯。透過路人所見的全景鏡頭,還能看見商店店員還繼續敲打著搶犯的已死(或垂死)的身體。崔維斯在對父母的信裡,宣稱自己捲入了「敏感的」政府工作;他還告訴他們他還在和Betsy約會(雖然他們沒有再約會了)。最後顯然他孤注一擲地,試著把他的挫折向一個老司機Wizard(Boyle飾)訴說,「我的腦子裡有些不好的想法」而且他感覺到「要幹票大的。」;但Wizard沒有理解,他只是敘述些自己的經驗,但最終也只是建議崔維斯應該「去睡一下,去醉一下」,而且不要「想太多」。
接著崔維斯計畫在公眾集會上行刺參議員Palantine。他的理由是很模糊的,在片中也未明確的標示出來,有可能的一個解釋是,他潛意識中覺得,Palantine與他在Betsy身上所產生的挫敗有某種關聯。崔維斯在會場中發現了密勤局的便衣,因此他便離開而駕車到Alphabet City去,先是射傷皮條客史波特,再進入妓院兇殘的射殺保鏢、受傷的史波特(他跟在崔維斯後面)、以及Iris的客人。
激戰中崔維斯受了傷,他倒在Iris的房間內,因為脖子上的槍傷而在垂死邊緣,但他卻試著想用槍自殺,卻沒有成功(槍內沒有子彈了)。在警察進入時,崔維斯舉起血淋淋的食指指向頭,並假裝可以開槍射擊自己。一個慢動作鳥瞰鏡頭自高處離開了房間,仔細觀察他的暴力行為,越過四處的血跡、他掉落的槍、屍體,再下了樓梯,向外離開了許多警察,以及外頭成群好奇的看熱鬧的人們。
片子結尾,一段簡單的尾聲表示崔維斯從這個事件復原了,他收到了來自Iris父母的信,他們表示很感謝他救了他們的女兒。而媒體報導他拯救了一個小女孩並終止曼哈頓裡的毒品交易,而將他塑造成一個英雄人物。Betsy坐上崔維斯的計程車,評論他的「拯救」行動與他媒體上的名聲,但崔維斯否認自己是個英雄。片尾名單出現之前,崔維斯從後照鏡裡看見某些東西,並迅速望過去(觀眾不知道崔維斯看到了什麼)。這個古怪結局的意義和解釋引發了許多的討論;詳見後述。
[编辑] 主要演員
- 勞勃·狄尼洛: 崔維斯拜寇 (Travis Bickle)
- 茱蒂·福斯特: ("Easy" Iris)
- 哈維·凱托l: ("Sport" Matthew)
- 西碧兒·雪佛: 貝琪(Betsy)
- Peter Boyle: ("Wizard")
- Albert Brooks: (Tom)
- Leonard Harris: (Sen. Charles Palantine)
[编辑] 風格與影響
主角拜寇是一個生存在大城市裡,來自美國中西部的孤獨者,這個靈感是始自於編劇保羅·許瑞德早年的人生。在許瑞德離婚又結束了幾段關係後,他有一段時間過的很頹廢;他是個沒什麼朋友的影評人, After Schrader's divorce and the breakup of a subsequent relationship, he spent some time as a drifter; he was a failed film critic with few friends who did little more than frequent Los Angeles' pornographic cinemas. It has also been suggested that part of the motivation for the screenplay was garnered from the urban decay in Schrader's hometown of Grand Rapids, Michigan in the late 60's and early 70's.
許瑞德曾說過,《計程車司機》的構想受到了行刺華里斯州長的亞瑟·布瑞莫所寫的日記的影響。許瑞德在頹廢的那段日子時,相當著迷於布瑞莫所出版的《刺客日記》(An Assassin's Diary,ISBN 0-06-120470-6)。另一個許瑞德承認的影響,是約翰·韋恩所主演的西部片《搜索者》。這部片講述的是一個沙場老手回到故鄉後,搜尋他被卡曼契族印地安人給綁走的侄女。主角伊森(韋恩飾)展開他著了魔的任務,並成功將她帶了回來,卻絲毫不管她內心的感受。這個影響很直接的表現在崔維斯從史波特手中拯救Iris時的部份。很巧合地,史波特曾叫過崔維斯為「牛仔」,而兩人最後對決時,史波特的穿著也剛好類似於印第安人的形象。之外,史瑞德也有受到法國存在主義作家沙特之小說《嘔吐》的影響。
史柯西斯最初要求許瑞德改編杜斯妥也夫斯基的小說《賭徒》,但許瑞德卻婉拒了,因為他當時正為其他的計劃而忙得不可開交。不過許瑞德則把《計程車司機》的劇本交給了史柯西斯,同樣包含了許多杜斯妥也夫斯基小說裡的存在主義的主題。在《史柯西斯論史柯西斯》裡,他曾述「我從未讀過保羅這個劇本的原始資料」,而他表示「不過在幾年前,我讀過杜斯妥也夫斯基的《地下室手記》,此後一直想把它拍成電影;而《計程車司機》是我接觸到最接近《地下室手記》情節的劇本。
史柯西斯也實驗了從欣賞的法國新浪潮裡得來的一些電影技巧,像是跳接。
整部片幾乎全是以第一人稱敘述—— 事件都是由崔維斯本身的觀點所呈現,因為觀眾總是聽到崔維斯說的話、總是聽到他所想的事、也總是聽到他聽到的東西。而唯一一場與崔維斯無關的戲,則是史波特和Iris在她的房間內的那場戲。那場戲是在製作後期才加進去的。
Greil Marcus在其著作《The Believer》(June/July 2006, p. 78)裡提及,史柯西斯告訴他《計程車司機》的前半部是改編於范莫里森的專輯《Astral Weeks》。
崔維斯的髮型似乎隱約反映了美國在越南的軍事行動。在崔維斯決定了要行刺參議員Palantine時,他剪了一個摩霍克族印第安人的髮型。這個提議是由史柯西斯的朋友Victor Magnotta所提供的,他在片中飾演密勤局的幹員,而他則是曾在越南服役過。史柯西斯記下,「Magnotta談到了一些叢林中的士兵的樣子。他們會剪這樣的髮型,看來就像是個摩霍克族人……而你會瞭解這是個特殊的造型,會讓你聯想到突擊隊的樣子,人們則會讓路給他們……我們認為這是個不錯的設計。」
[编辑] 製作過程
在劇本草期,史波特如其他的小角色一樣,是一個黑人。不過,史柯西斯認為這樣會使影片受到種族主義的聯想,因此他們將他改成了白人角色。影片之中還是存有相當濃厚的種族色彩,黑人的角色被稱作為「spooks」、「jungle bunnies」、「niggers」等,而片中黑人社區被叫「茅茅國」,崔維斯則都不懷好意的盯著黑人看。
在影片中飾演Iris的朋友的女演員,是一位真正的娼妓,她是茱蒂·福斯特扮演雛妓時的師法對象。
片中崔維斯在鏡子前自言自語的那場戲,完全是勞勃·狄尼洛的即興演出;劇本上只是很簡單的提及「崔維斯照著鏡子。」狄尼洛之所以反覆述說那麼多次的原因是,當時史柯西斯戴上耳機,聽到錄下的聲音含有很多背景的噪音,他不確定狄尼洛的聲音是否有被錄了進去。於是他作信號要狄尼洛不斷重覆,以確保他們能錄製成功。那句對白是源自於1953年的經典西部片《原野奇俠》:主角Shane對Chris Calloway說道:「你在和我說話嗎?」,而Chris答道:「不然還會有誰。」
崔維斯帶Betsy去看的成人電影叫做《en:Kärlekens Språk》(《愛的語言》,)是1969年瑞典一部偽裝成性教育紀錄片的色情電影。
女演員Diahnne Abbott扮演一位在色情戲院裡拒絕崔維斯殷勤的店員。而在真實生活中,她之後嫁給了勞勃·狄尼洛(而後又離婚了),並和他生了一個孩子——Raphael De Niro。史柯西斯則在1975年12月30日,娶了Julia Cameron。
本片是最後一部使用傳統哥倫比亞影業商標的電影。
[编辑] 爭議
片尾槍戰的高潮戲,在那個年代來說是太過寫實,因此被列為「R」級。史柯西斯降低了片子的色彩飽和度,使血看來盡量不會太過鮮明。在之後的訪問中,他透露很高興能改變色調,而且也比原始影像更為強烈。[來源請求] 不過在DVD特別版裡,本片攝影師Michael Chapman表示,很遺憾這樣的結果,使得本片沒有留下更強烈的影像。
有些評論家對於年幼的茱蒂·福斯特出現在槍戰高潮戲裡感到很感冒。不過呢,在紀錄片《Making Taxi Driver》(收錄在本片的DVD版本裡)裡福斯特表示,那場戲特效的安排和排演時她都是在場。所有的過程也都一步一步地跟她解釋和實驗給她看過。福斯特說,她對於那些幕後工作感到很著迷也很有信心,而不會感到不適或是覺得受創傷。除此之外,在這場戲拍攝之前,她也接受了相當長期的心理測驗,以確保她不會陷入角色的創傷之中。[來源請求]
[编辑] Interpretations of the ending
Some have seen the epilogue, in which Travis is hailed as a hero, as Travis' dying fantasy, while others see it as a real resolution of his acts.
At the very end, as Betsy departs his cab, Travis drives away, and a curious ring sounds as Travis quickly adjusts his mirror, before the credits roll on the background of the bright and distorted city lights seen from the cab's perspective. Director Scorsese comments on this final moment in his DVD commentary, mentioning that the "mirror glance" could be a symbol that Travis might fall into depression and violent rage once again in the future. However, it is still open to interpretation like the ending of The Wizard of Oz. It has been compared to Stanley Kubrick's film A Clockwork Orange,[來源請求] in which Malcolm McDowell's Alex DeLarge seems to revert to his old, sociopathic self at the end: "I was cured, all right."
Roger Ebert has written of the film's ending,
"There has been much discussion about the ending, in which we see newspaper clippings about Travis's 'heroism' of saving Iris, and then Betsy gets into his cab and seems to give him admiration instead of her earlier disgust. Is this a fantasy scene? Did Travis survive the shoot-out? Are we experiencing his dying thoughts? Can the sequence be accepted as literally true? ... I am not sure there can be an answer to these questions. The end sequence plays like music, not drama: It completes the story on an emotional, not a literal, level. We end not on carnage but on redemption, which is the goal of so many of Scorsese's characters."
However, James Berardinelli, in his review of the film, argues against the dream or fantasy interpretation, stating "Scorsese and writer Paul Schrader append the perfect conclusion to Taxi Driver. Steeped in irony, the five-minute epilogue underscores the vagaries of fate. The media builds Travis into a hero, when, had he been a little quicker drawing his gun against Senator Palantine, he would have been reviled as an assassin. As the film closes, the misanthrope has been embraced as the model citizen -- someone who takes on pimps, drug dealers, and mobsters to save one little girl."[1]
[编辑] 評論
《計程車司機》在票房上相當成功,並獲得奧斯卡金像獎的多個提名,並贏得坎城影展的最高榮譽。幾年後,美國電影學會將其排在「百年百片」("100 Years, 100 Movies")的第47位,以及「百年百大驚悚片」("100 Years, 100 Thrills")的第22位。本片並常排在網際網路電影資料庫的票選最佳50部片之內,也被美國國家影片登記部選為收藏之一。資深影評Roger Ebert將《計程車司機》選為其「最偉大電影」的名單之中。
[编辑] Diagnosing Travis
Template:SectOR Taxi Driver is the first film to address the impact of the Vietnam War on soldiers who fought in the conflict. It is possible that Travis is suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,[1] a condition that was brought to major attention by the condition of some veterans of that conflict and later included in the DSM-III. More subtly, Travis' spartan lifestyle and choice of poorly-paid, dead-end employment is evocative of the experiences of many war veterans suffering from this condition and the perception that veterans who have a mental or physical disability are disowned and inadequately compensated by society or the government. Another interpretation would point to the repercussions of severe solitude and alienation, which is indicative of Schizoid Personality Disorder, coupled with the propensity to blame one's inner demons on the more visible representation of what one may think is wrong with society, and the paths that may lead to the eventually homicidal actions of a person.
[编辑] 獎項
[编辑] 獲獎
- 坎城影展 – 金棕櫚獎
- 紐約影評人協會最佳男主角 – (勞勃·狄尼洛)
- 英國影藝學院最佳女配角 – (茱蒂·福斯特)
- 英國影藝學院新進演員 – (茱蒂·福斯特)
- 英國影藝學院最佳電影音樂 – (伯納·赫曼)
[编辑] 提名
- 奧斯卡最佳影片獎
- 英國影藝學院最佳影片
- 英國影藝學院最佳導演 – (馬丁·史柯西斯)
- 美國導演工會電影傑出導演 – (馬丁·史柯西斯)
- 奧斯卡最佳男主角獎 – (勞勃·狄尼洛)
- 金球獎戲劇類最佳男主角獎 - (勞勃·狄尼洛)
- 奧斯卡最佳女配角獎 – (茱蒂·福斯特)
- 奧斯卡最佳配樂獎 – (伯納·赫曼)
- 葛萊美獎最佳電影配樂 – (伯納·赫曼)
- 英國影藝學院最佳剪輯 – (Marcia Lucas, Tom Rolf, Melvin Shapiro)
- 金球獎電影類最佳劇本 – (保羅·許瑞德)
- 美國編劇工會最佳劇本 – (保羅·許瑞德)
[编辑] Proposed sequels and spin-offs
In an interview on Inside the Actor's Studio in 1999, Robert De Niro stated that he and Martin Scorsese had discussed the possibility of making a sequel to this film. According to De Niro, the two agreed that it would be interesting to see where Travis Bickle ended up 30 years later. But during Scorsese's interview on the show in 2002, the director stated that he would never make a sequel to any of his films.
In May 2005 Majesco announced that it was going to publish a video game sequel to Taxi Driver, developed by Papaya Studios. [2] In January 2006 the game was canceled due to financial problems. [3]
[编辑] Influence
[编辑] John Hinckley, Jr.
Taxi Driver was reportedly part of a delusional fantasy on the part of John Hinckley, Jr. which triggered his attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan in 1981, an act for which he was found not guilty by reason of insanity. His stated reason was that the act was an attempt to impress Jodie Foster by mimicking Travis' mohawked appearance at the Palantine rally.
[编辑] Music
Travis Bickle is referenced in various songs, including ReDimoni's song "Terminating Rain", The Clash's song "Red Angel Dragnet", Lou Reed's "Doin’ The Thing That We Want To" (as part of a broader series of references to Scorsese films), and Rancid's "Travis Bickle." Rancid also showed scenes of the film in performances on their 2006 tour. Audio from the film is sampled in West-Coast rapper Xzibit's "At the Speed of Life," Tub Ring's "Alexander in Charge," Benefit's "My Story," Poison Idea's "The Badge," and Earth Crisis' "Firestorm."
The film has strong ties with traditional punk culture [來源請求], in particular the DIY ethic present in much of the film [來源請求]. To build on this, the mohawk that Travis wore has left its mark amongst punk rockers from the '70s onwards [來源請求].
The "Cursed Female" video for the band Porno For Pyros makes reference to Taxi Driver.
Apollo 440's song "Krupa" samples the street drummer's patter as he plays - "Now back to Gene Krupa's syncopated style" - the reference is to jazz drummer Gene Krupa.
Hardcore band, Earth Crisis, sampled the quote, "All the animals come out at night - whores, skunk pussies, buggers, queens, fairies, dopers, junkies, sick, venal. Someday a real rain will come and wash all this scum off the streets." as the intro to their song "Firestorm."
[编辑] Film and TV
The second season of the Japanese anime Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex features an episode that closely mirrors Taxi Driver, detailing the delusions of a professional helicopter pilot who obsesses about a cyborg prostitute and entertains ideas about killing the Prime Minister of Japan along with other "scum."
[编辑] Quotes
- "Loneliness has followed me my whole life, everywhere. In bars, in cars, sidewalks, stores, everywhere. There's no escape. I'm God's lonely man."
- "Some day a real rain will come and wash all this scum off the streets."
- "I first saw her at Palantine Campaign headquarters at 63rd and Broadway. She was wearing a white dress. She appeared like an angel. Out of this filthy mess, she is alone.
They...cannot...touch...her."
- "June twenty-ninth. I gotta get in shape now. Too much sitting has ruined my body. Too much abuse has gone on for too long. From now on it'll be fifty pushups each morning. Fifty pull-ups. There will be no more pills, no more bad food... no more destroyers of my body. From now on it'll be total organization. Every muscle must be tight."
- (Travis stares into a mirror). "You talkin' to me? You talkin' to me? Then who the hell else are you talkin'-- You talkin' to me? Well I'm the only one here. Who the fuck do you think you're talking to?"
- "Listen, you fuckers, you screw-heads. Here is a man who would not take it anymore. A man who stood up against the scum, the cunts, the dogs, the filth, the shit. Here is a man who stood up. Here is."
- "I had black coffee and apple pie with a slice of melted yellow cheese. I think that was a good selection."
[编辑] References
- Making "Taxi Driver" (documentary) [4]
[编辑] 外部連結
- 《Taxi Driver》在互联网电影数据库(IMDb)
- Template:Rogerebert
- Template:Filmsite
- Taxi Driver, critiqued by a former taxi driver.
- Taxi Driver, Collection of Essays & Articles.
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坎城影展金棕櫚獎 1976年 |
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页面分类: 翻譯請求 | 缺少来源的条目 | 1976年电影 | 惊悚片 | Best Picture Academy Award nominees | Cult films | Drama films | Films directed by Martin Scorsese | Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award nominated performance | Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award nominated performance | 黑色電影 | New York City in fiction | 金棕櫚獎 | United States National Film Registry | Films with a pedophile theme | Existentialist works | 美国电影