Cinema of New Zealand
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New Zealand cinema refers to films made by New Zealand-based production companies in New Zealand. However, it may also refer to films made about New Zealand by filmmakers from other countries. In addition, due to the relatively small size of its film industry, many New Zealand-made films are co-productions with companies based in other nations.
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[edit] Defining New Zealand Film
In October, 1978 the New Zealand Film Commission was formalised by Parliament under the National Party. The functions of the Commission under Article 17 New Zealand Film Commission Act (1978) were to;
- Encourage and assist in the making, promotion, distribution and exhibition of films
- Encourage and promote cohesion with NZ film industry
- Encourage and promote maintenance of films in archives
With this Act the New Zealand Film industry became more stablised. Article 18 “Content of Films” New Zealand Film Commission Act (1978) would serve to define which aspects a film had to have in order for it to be labeled as a New Zealand Film. To qualify as a New Zealand film all the aspects listed below must be of New Zealand in origin;
- The subject of the film
- The locations at which the film was made
- The nationalities or places of residence of: The authors, scriptwriters ,composers producers, directors, actors, technicians, editors, etc.
- The sources from which the money is derived
- The ownership and whereabouts of the equipment and technical facilities
These defining aspects have in recent years caused debate on whether films like The Frighteners and the Lord of the Rings qualify as New Zealand Films. The impact of the New Zealand Film Commission on the industry was in getting films made, properly defining NZ Film, professionalising filmmaking and establishing a Screen Industry in New Zealand.
Most New Zealand films are made by small independent filmmakers, often on a low budget and sometimes with sponsorship from public funds. Relatively few New Zealand-made films have been specifically commissioned for the international market by international film distributors.
Recently, international film companies have become aware of the skills of New Zealand filmmakers, and have begun to use the New Zealand film industry as a source for the making of feature films.
New Zealand is still burdened by beaucracy that does not support films ,in terms of local and international marketing,films not funded directly by the NZ government.Nor does it allow grants to those who have lived, or who do live overseas.This results in a few talent getting nurtured and the rest of the talent fending for themselves.These facts have long been contentious issues and often spoken of.Several of NZ talent are ignored in large part by their own country ,despite success overseas and often stay to work in Australia,USA and the UK as a result.
[edit] History
[edit] Early film
The first public screening of a motion picture was on October 13, 1896 at the Opera House, Auckland and was part of a show presented by Charles Godfrey’s Vaudeville Company.
The first screening of a colour film (colour process, not just a colourised black and white film) was on Christmas Eve in 1911. It was a simutaneous showing at the Globe Picture Theatre, Queen Street and the Kings Theatre, Upper Pitt Street (now Mercury Lane).
The first filmmaker in New Zealand was Alfred Whitehouse, who made ten films between 1898 and mid-1900. The oldest surviving New Zealand film is Whitehouse's The Departure of the Second Contingent for the Boer War (1900).
The first feature film made in New Zealand was Hinemoa. It premiered on August 1, 1914 at the Lyric Theatre, Auckland.
[edit] The Classical era
New Zealand film was a small-scale industry during the 1920s-1960s. During the 1920s and 1930s, director Rudall Hayward made a number of feature films on New Zealand themes. Rewi's Last Stand was probably his best, but little of this 1925 film survives. The film was remade with sound in the 1930s. Independent filmmaker John O'Shea was active from 1940 to 1970 making New Zealand cinema; his company Pacific Films produced numerous short films as well as the three New Zealand feature films made in that period: Broken Barrier (1952) Runaway (1964) and Don't Let It Get You (1966).
However, during this period, most New Zealand-made films were documentaries. The National Film Unit was a government-funded producer of short films, documentaries, and publicity material. This is New Zealand, a short film made for the World Expo in 1970 was extremely popular there and subsequently screened in New Zealand cinemas, to much public acclaim.
[edit] The 1970s revival
During the 1970s, the New Zealand Film Commission was established to fund the production of New Zealand cinema films. A number of film projects were funded and this led to a revitalisation of the New Zealand film industry.
The first New Zealand film to be released in the United States was Sleeping Dogs, directed by Roger Donaldson in 1977. A dark political action thriller that portrays the reaction of one man to the formation of a totalitarian government, and subsequent guerrilla war in New Zealand, it proved very popular with New Zealand audiences and introduced Sam Neill as a leading actor. While its local images of large scale civil conflict and government repression were unfamiliar to most viewers, they became a reference point after the 1981 Springbok Tour protests and police response, just a few years later.
In 1981, there were three New Zealand feature films released: Goodbye Pork Pie (dir. Geoff Murphy), Pictures (dir. Michael Black) and Smash Palace (dir. Roger Donaldson). Goodbye Pork Pie became a huge hit, taking in NZ$1.5 million in 1981 (a figure comparable with big Hollywood blockbusters of the time like Star Wars or Jaws). Geoff Murphy accepted movie offers from Hollywood.
The release of Goodbye Pork Pie is considered to be the coming-of-age of New Zealand cinema as it showed that New Zealanders could make successful films about New Zealand. Before Murphy was lured away by Hollywood, he made two other key New Zealand films, Utu, (1983), about the land wars of the 1860s, and The Quiet Earth (1985) a science fiction film. Both films featured Bruno Lawrence, a local movie star. In 1987 Barry Barclay's film 'Ngati' was released to critical acclaim and some box-office success. 'Ngati' is recognised as the first feature film to be written and directed by a member of a minority indigenous population (in this case Maori) anywhere in the world.
[edit] The Coming of Age of The New Zealand Short Film
During the late 1980's a trend developed that saw the reinvention of the New Zealand short film form. Alison McLean's landmark short Kitchen Sink came to typify the trend. Instead of trying be short features focused on dialogue and character the new shorts tried instead to push the envelope in terms of visual design and cinematic language. The result saw an explosion of visually rich and compelling works that seemed to aspire more to the best of European cinema than the mainstay of Hollywood fare.
Key examples of these are: The Lounge Bar (1989) (Directed by Don McGlashan and Harry Sinclair as The Front Lawn), 12 Min, 35 mm, colour; Kitchen Sink (1989) (Alison McLean), 14 minutes, 35 mm, b/w; A Little Death: A Modern Day Fairytale (1994) (Simon Perkins and Paul Swadel), 11 minutes, 16 mm, colour & b/w; Stroke (1994) (Christine Jeffs) 8 Min, 35 mm, colour; La Vie En Rose (1994) (Anna Reeves), 7 Min, colour; A Game With No Rules (1994) (Scott Reynolds), 16.30 Min, colour; Eau de la vie (1993) (Simon Baré), 13 Min, colour.
[edit] International success
The early 1990s saw New Zealand film gain international recognition, most obviously with Jane Campion's The Piano (1993), which won four Academy Awards. Peter Jackson's Heavenly Creatures (1994) and Lee Tamahori's Once Were Warriors also gained international critical acclaim. The first two examples show how New Zealand film had an increasing tendency to be partially or completely overseas-funded, and to star non-New Zealand actors (Holly Hunter and Harvey Keitel in The Piano and Kate Winslet in Heavenly Creatures). This did not stop the migration of New Zealand talent to the United States: Campion, Tamahori, Once Were Warriors actors Temuera Morrison and Cliff Curtis, and Canadian-born Piano star Anna Paquin are now all primarily based in America.
A notable exception to the migration tendency is Peter Jackson, who has continued to make his films in New Zealand. Jackson's career began with low-budget horror movies, such as Bad Taste (1987). He gradually became noticed by Hollywood, and directed the phenomenally successful Lord of the Rings films. Although made with mainly American money (and some from the New Zealand government and Jackson's Wingnut Films) and a mostly international cast, Jackson filmed the movies in New Zealand, using almost an entire Kiwi production crew creating an enormous skill base in the New Zealand film industry.
This has led to a number of prominent Hollywood films being made in New Zealand, with major international productions not only filming here but also using the various post-production facilities and special effects companies on offer. The resulting films include The Last Samurai, King Kong and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. While the funding for these movies is largely American, it has helped New Zealand film studios and filmmakers develop their skills and improve their facilities.
However, some industry figures claim that having large international productions employ New Zealanders has its downside. One New Zealand filmmaker recently highlighted how difficult it was to employ cameramen when working on a low-budget New Zealand film, as cameramen are now used to receiving large wages [1]. Other film makers find that the opposite is true, and that the greater number of local professionals may actually have driven wages down from the relative heights of the 1980's. Another alleged downside is that the big-budget internal productions swallow up any funding New Zealand has available, making it far more difficult for local productions to find money.[citation needed]
Despite this, local content has also significantly increased with notable films including In My Father's Den and The World's Fastest Indian. Both films have done very well at the New Zealand box-office, most notably The World's Fastest Indian, which beat the record held by Once Were Warriors to become the highest grossing New Zealand film at the domestic box-office, taking in over $6.5 million.
The latter part of this decade saw the expansion of Peter Jackson's filmmaking empire with Jackson optioning the rights to The Lovely Bones, Halo, Dambusters and the fantasy dragon series Temeraire. Major productions such as James Cameron's Avatar and Walt Disney's 2007 summer blockbuster The Waterhorse are also utilising Jackson's Wellington studios and enlisting special effects giant Weta Digital.
An important and accessible retrospective of New Zealand film, Sam Neill's Cinema of Unease was made in 1995. The film presented the history of New Zealand film from the personal perspective of Sam Neil.
[edit] New Zealand Film Archive
The New Zealand Film Archive was founded and incorporated on March 9, 1981. Film enthusiast, critic and historian Jonathan Dennis (1953 – 2002) was a primary driving force behind the archive and became its first director. The archive was set up to preserve and restore significant New Zealand film and television images. It now holds a collection of much of early New Zealand cinema film and holds public screenings of its collection.
Much of the early cinema film made in New Zealand has been lost, as it was printed on unstable nitrate film base. In 1992, when film enthusiasts and the New Zealand Film Archive realised how much of New Zealand's film heritage was being lost, they mounted the Last Film Search and found 7,000 significant films, both in New Zealand and around the world.
[edit] Recently Released New Zealand Movies
For films in prior years, see: List of New Zealand feature films
[edit] 2003 - 2004
| Name | Director | Starring | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fracture | Larry Parr | Kate Elliot, John Noble | |
| In My Father's Den | Brad McGann | Emily Barclay, Matthew Macfadyen | Released internationally |
| The Last Samurai | Edward Zwick | Tom Cruise, Ken Watanabe | Co-production with the USA |
| The Locals | Greg Page | Kate Elliot, Dwayne Cameron | |
| Perfect Strangers | Gaylene Preston | Sam Neill, Rachael Blake | |
| The Return of the King | Peter Jackson | Viggo Mortensen, Karl Urban | Academy Award winner |
| Spooked | Geoff Murphy | Ian Mune, Cliff Curtis | |
| Without a Paddle | Steven Brill | Seth Green, Burt Reynolds | Co-production with the USA |
[edit] 2005 - 2006
| Name | Director | Starring | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50 Ways of Saying Fabulous | Stewart Main | Andrew Patterson, Jay Collins | |
| Boogeyman | Stephen Kay | Barry Watson, Lucy Lawless | Co-production with the USA |
| Buddha Wild Monk in a Hut | Anna Wilding | Anna Wilding, Charlerm Chanaphan | Co-production with the USA2006,2007 |
| The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe | Andrew Adamson | Liam Neeson, Tilda Swinton | Made with American funding |
| King Kong | Peter Jackson | Naomi Watts, Jack Black | Academy Award winner |
| Meet Me in Miami | Iren Koster | Carlos Ponce, Tara Leniston | Independent film |
| No. 2 | Toa Fraser | Ruby Dee, Nathaniel Lees | Audience Award winner at Sundance |
| Out of the Blue | Robert Sarkies | Karl Urban, Paul Glover | Based on a true story |
| Sione's Wedding | Chris Graham | Robbie Magasiva, Nathaniel Lees | |
| River Queen | Vincent Ward | Samantha Morton, Kiefer Sutherland | |
| Perfect Creature | Glenn Standring | Dougray Scott, Saffron Burrows | |
| The World's Fastest Indian | Roger Donaldson | Anthony Hopkins, Jessica Cauffiel | Highest grossing NZ film |
[edit] 2007
| Name | Director | Starring | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Black Sheep | Jonathan King | Oliver Driver, Peter Feeney |
[edit] To Be Released
| Name | Director | Starring | Release date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dambusters | Christian Rivers | 2008 | |
| Eagle vs Shark | Taika Waititi | Jemaine Clement, Craig Hall | June 2007 |
| The Ferryman | Chris Graham | Amber Sainsbury, John Rhys-Davies | 2007 |
| Halo | Neill Blomkamp | 2008 | |
| The Lovely Bones | Peter Jackson | 2007 | |
| The Tattooist | Peter Burger | Jason Behr, Michael Hurst | August 2007 |
| Down by the Riverside | Marama Killen, Brad Davison | Rebecca Trelease, Maia Wharawhara | 2007 |
| Untitled Charles Upham biopic | 2008 | ||
| Untitled Bruce McLaren biopic | 2009 |
[edit] Titles to be filmed in New Zealand
[edit] Notable feature directors
| Name | Notable For | Other |
|---|---|---|
| Andrew Adamson | Shrek 1 and 2, The Narnia film series | Academy Award winner |
| Martin Campbell | Casino Royale, The Mask of Zorro, GoldenEye | BAFTA winner |
| Jane Campion | The Piano, Holy Smoke! | Academy Award winner |
| Niki Caro | Whale Rider, North Country | BAFTA winner |
| Roger Donaldson | Dante's Peak, Cocktail, The Recruit | Golden Palm nominee |
| Ellory Elkayem | Eight Legged Freaks | |
| Peter Jackson | Lord of the Rings trilogy, King Kong | 3 time Academy Award winner |
| Geoff Murphy | Under Siege II, Young Guns II | |
| Andrew Niccol | Lord of War, Gattaca, The Truman Show (writer) | BAFTA winner, Academy Award nominee |
| Lee Tamahori | Die Another Day, Along Came a Spider, Once Were Warriors | |
| Vincent Ward | Map of the Human Heart, What Dreams May Come | 2 time Golden Palm nominee |
[edit] Notable actors
| Name | Notable For | Other |
|---|---|---|
| Keisha Castle-Hughes | Whale Rider, The Nativity Story | Academy Award nominee |
| Russell Crowe | Gladiator, A Beautiful Mind | Academy Award winner |
| Marton Csokas | The Bourne Supremacy, Kingdom of Heaven | |
| Cliff Curtis | Runaway Jury, Collateral Damage | |
| Alan Dale | Ugly Betty, The OC | SAG nominee |
| Daniel Gillies | Spider-Man 2 and 3 | |
| Martin Henderson | The Ring, Flyboys, Torque | |
| Lucy Lawless | Xena Warrior Princess, Battlestar Galactica | |
| Melanie Lynskey | Flags of Our Fathers, Two and a Half Men | |
| Temuera Morrison | Once Were Warriors, Speed 2, Star Wars Episode II | |
| Sam Neill | Jurassic Park 1 and 3, The Piano | Emmy, Golden Globe nominee |
| Anna Paquin | X-Men film series, The Piano | Academy Award winner |
| Jessica Rose | I Know Who Killed Me, Lonelygirl15 | Gained fame on YouTube |
| Karl Urban | Doom, The Lord of the Rings | |
| Anna Wilding | Buddha Wild Monk in a Hut,E!Style Court | Fringe Theatre Festival Winner, SAG Roll Film |
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- New Zealand Film Archive
- Internet Movie Database
- The South Pacific in Film
- Information about Cinema of Unease: A Personal Journey by Sam Neill (1995)
- TV Cream on New Zealand cinema
- Black Magic - New Zealand Film News
 Cinema of New Zealand |
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