Kollywood
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Kollywood (Tamil : கோலிவூட்) is a name often applied to the home of the Tamil-language film industry based in India. Tamil language movies are also filmed in Sri Lanka but they are not part of Kollywood but part of Cinema of Sri Lanka . In the past, almost all South Indian films were filmed there. It is based in Chennai (formerly known as Madras) in the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. The name is a conflation of Kodambakkam (an area of Chennai with a high concentration of film studios and in which many people working in the industry live) and Hollywood, and mirrors the adoption of the name Bollywood by the Mumbai-based film industry.
In 2003, according to the Central Board of Film Certification, the Tamil film industry ranked third in terms of the number of films produced (in 2003, 222 Hindi movies, 155 Telugu movies and 151 Tamil movies were certified by the Central Board.[1].) In 2005, Kollywood witnessed three new releases on average every week and an annual turnover of over Rs.23,205 million (US$526 million) from ticket sales of 600 million.
Silent movies were produced in Kollywood since 1916 and the era of talkies dawned in 1931. By the end of the 1930s, the industry was booming to the extent that the State of Madras legislature passed the pioneering 'Entertainment Tax Act 1939' with little opposition.
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[edit] Distribution
Tamil films have the widest overseas distribution after Hindi films. They have enjoyed consistent popularity among Tamil speakers in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, South Africa and Singapore. Tamil films have recently become popular in Japan (Rajinikanth's Muthu, for example, screened for a record period), South Africa, Canada, and the UK. Many movies such as Chandramukhi and Anniyan were also simultaneously released in the USA.
Tamil films enjoy significant patronage in the neighbouring southern States like Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh too. But they are preffered by dubbing into regional languages.
There is a fair amount of dispersion amongst the Indian film industries. Many successful Tamil films have been remade by the Hindi and Telugu film industries, for example. Kollywood has also remade a fair number of Hindi-, Telugu-, Malayalam-, and other-language films.
It is estimated by the Manorama Yearbook 2000 (a popular almanac) that over 5,000 Tamil films were produced in the 20th century. For a complete list of Tamil films, see the List of Tamil-Language Films. Tamil films have also been dubbed into other languages, thus reaching a much wider audience. Examples of those dubbed into Hindi include such hits as Minsaara Kanavu, Roja and Bombay. Anniyan, a recent Tamil film became the first Indian film to be dubbed into French. See popular Tamil films.
There has been a growing presence of English in dialogue and songs as well. It is not uncommon to see movies that feature dialogue studded with English words and phrases, or even whole sentences. Some movies are also simultaneously made in two or three languages (either using subtitles or several soundtracks). Quite often, Tamil movies feature Madras Bashai, a colloquial version of Tamil spoken in Madras.
[edit] History
A visiting European exhibitor first screened (date unknown) a selection of silent short films at the Victoria Public Hall in Madras. The films all featured non-fictional subjects; they were mostly photographed records of day-to-day events.
In Madras (now known as Chennai), the Electric Theatre was established for the screening of silent films. It was a favourite haunt of the British community in Madras. The theatre was shut down after a few years. This building is now part of the Post Office complex in Anna Salai. A Mr. Cohen built Lyric Theatre in the Mount Road area (now Anna Salai).This venue boasted a variety of events, including plays in English, Western classical music concerts, and ballroom dances. Silent films were also screened as an additional attraction. Samikannu Vincent, an employee of the South Indian Railways in Trichy, purchased a film projector and silent films from the Frenchman Du Pont and set up a business as film exhibitor. He erected tents for screening films. His tent cinema became popular and he travelled all over the state with his mobile unit. In later years, he produced talkies and also built a cinema in Coimbatore.
To celebrate the event of King George V's visit in 1909, a grand exhibition was organised in Madras. Its major attraction was the screening of short films accompanied by sound. A British company imported a Crone megaphone, made up of a film projector to which a gramophone with a disc containing prerecorded sound was linked, and both were run in unison, producing picture and sound simultaneously. However, there was no synched dialogue. Raghupathy Venkiah, a successful photographer, took over the equipment after the exhibition and set up a tent cinema near the Madras High Court. R. Venkiah, flush with funds, built in 1912 a permanent cinema in the Mount Road area named Gaiety. It was the first in Madras to screen films on a full-time basis. This theatre is still functioning, although under different ownership.
In tent cinemas, there were usually three classes of tickets: the floor, bench and, chair. The floor-ticket purchaser sat on sand to watch the movie, but he enjoyed certain advantages that other patrons did not. He could sit as he pleased, or he could turn over and take a short nap when the narrative was particularly dull and roll back again when the action was again to his liking—luxuries in which the upper class could never indulge. Surely those were the days!
[edit] Superstar Club
Tamil Cinema is now dominated by seven Superstars viz.Rajnikanth,Kamal Hasan, Vijay, Ajith, Vikram, Surya, Vijayakanth. These stars command salary more than Rs.40 million and usually their films are much hyped and receive huge opening upon release.
There are also upcoming Established superstars like Vishal, Silambarasan, Dhanush, Bharath, Arya, Sibiraj, Jeyam Ravi. They also bring out Blockbusters at times and command more than Rs.1 crore.
[edit] Industrial trends
Average annual film output in Tamil film industry has risen steadily in the 20th century
- 1930s—22.5 releases per year on average
- 1940s—22.1 releases per year on average
- 1950s—32.6 releases per year on average
- 1960s—43.0 releases per year on average
- 1970s—62.5 releases per year on average
- 1980s—104.6 releases per year on average
- 1990s—101.2 releases per year on average
For the purpose of entertainment taxes, returns have to be filed by the exhibitors weekly (usually each Tuesday). [2] This is a chart of trend of box office collections of Kollywood with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.
| Year | Tamil film Box Office |
|---|---|
| 1980 | 808 |
| 1985 | 1,564 |
| 1990 | 3,133 |
| 1995 | 7,820 |
| 2000 | 14,110 |
| 2005 | 23,205 |
The Tamil film industry accounts for approx. 1% of the gross domestic product of the state of Tamil Nadu. Costs of production have grown exponentially from just under Rs.4 million in 1980 to over Rs.110 million by 2005 for a typical star-studded big-budget film. Similarly, costs of processing per print have risen from just under Rs.2,500 in 1980 to nearly Rs.70,000 by 2005.
Interestingly, The Tamil Nadu government has made provisions for an entertainment tax exemption for Tamil movies having pure Tamil word(s) in the title. This is in accordance with Government Order 72 passed on 22 July 2006. The first film to be released after the new Order was Unnakkum Ennakum. The original title had been Something something Unakkum Ennakkum, a half-English and a half-Tamil title.
[edit] Exhibitors
There are about 2,400 cinema halls in Kollywood, of which around 125 are located in the Chennai district. Below is a list of the most prominent exhibitors in the box office.
- Sathyam - 1,266 seats (Chennai )
- Albert - 1,225 seats (Chennai )
- Devi - 1,212 seats (Chennai )
- Melody - 998 seats (Chennai )
- Abirami - 927 seats (Chennai )
- Kasi - 917 seats (Chennai )
- Sangam - 877 seats (Chennai )
- Maharani - 733 seats (Chennai )
- Udhayam - 700 seats (Chennai )
- Santham - 567 seats (Chennai )
- Padmam - 540 seats (Chennai )
- Suriyan - 480 seats (Chennai )
- Devi Bala - 369 seats (Chennai )
- Subham - 306 seats (Chennai )
- Mayajaal - 178 seats (Chennai )
Show rentals range from Rs.700 in C-centres to as much as Rs.7,000 in A-centres for an average 700-seat screen. Unlike Hollywood, superstardom is deeply ingrained into Kollywood economics, so distributors are prepared to not only finance the films of super stars with proven track records but are also, in turn, able to secure minimum guarantees for those films from exhibitors.
Rise of multiplexes in the late 1990s has stunted the growth of large screens.
[edit] See also
- List of Tamil-language films
- Popular Tamil films
- Cinema of India
- Filmfare Awards South
- List of Kollywood film clans
[edit] External links
- Tamil films on IndiaGlitz.com - reviews, news, and images
- Tamil films on Galatta.com - news, interviews and images
