Copenhagen

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København

City coat of arms
Location in Denmark
Area  - City  - Urban	88 km² 455.61 km²
Population (2007-01-01)  - Municipal  - Density (city/met)	503,699 5707/2659/km²
Time zone	Central European: UTC+1
Latitude Longitude	55°43' N 12°34' E

Copenhagen (IPA: [kəʊpənˈheɪgən] or [kəʊpənˈhɑˑgən]; Danish: København (help·info) IPA: [købn̩ˈhaʊˀn]) is the capital of Denmark and the country's largest city. Copenhagen is the seat of the national parliament, the government, and the monarchy.

The original designation for the city, from which the contemporary Danish name is derived, was Kjøbmandehavn, "merchants' harbor". The English name for the city is derived from its German name, Kopenhagen. The element hafnium is named after the city's Latin name, Hafnia.

Contents 1 Copenhagen municipality 1.1 History 1.2 Geography 1.3 Population 1.4 Districts 1.5 Demography 2 Culture 2.1 General situation 2.2 Sports 2.3 Cuisine 3 Transport 4 Places of note in or near Copenhagen 5 Notable natives 6 References 7 Notes 8 See also 9 External links

[edit] Copenhagen municipality

Copenhagen was one of the three last Danish municipalities not belonging to a County— the others being Frederiksberg (the municipality with the smallest area and an enclave within Copenhagen itself) and Bornholm. On 1 January 2007, the municipality lost its county privileges and became part of Region Hovedstaden (i.e. the Copenhagen Capital Region).

The municipality covers 91.3 km² (88km² of which is land), and has a population of 503,699 (2007). Lord Mayor of Copenhagen is Ritt Bjerregaard, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party, who is head of the Finance Committee. Other mayors are Martin Geertsen (Cultural and Recreational Committee), Bo Asmus Kjeldgaard (Education and Youth Committee), Mogens Lønborg (Health and Care Committee), Jakob Hougaard (Employment and Integration Committee), Klaus Bondam (Building and Environment Committee), and Mikkel Warming (Social Committee).

The municipal seat of government is the Copenhagen City Hall (Rådhus).

Neighboring municipalities are Gentofte, Gladsaxe and Herlev to the north, Rødovre and Hvidovre to the west, and Tårnby to the south. Frederiksberg is located as an enclave within the municipality, and is thus surrounded by Copenhagen.

Copenhagen municipality was not merged with other municipalities on January 1, 2007 as the result of nationwide Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007).

[edit] History

Main article: History of Copenhagen

Copenhagen was founded around year 1000 by Sweyn I Forkbeard (Svend Tveskæg) and his son Canute the Great (Knud den Store). It was only a fishing village by the name of "Havn" (harbour) until the middle of the 12th century when it grew in importance after coming into the possession of the Bishop Absalon, who fortified it in 1167. The excellent harbour encouraged Copenhagen's growth until it became an important centre of commerce (hence its name - the first part of the word denoting commerce in Danish language). It was repeatedly attacked by the Hanseatic League as the Germans took notice. In 1254, it received its charter as a city under Bishop Jakob Erlandsen.

During 1658-59 it withstood a severe siege by the Swedes under Charles X. In 1801 a British fleet under Admiral Parker fought a major battle, the Battle of Copenhagen, with the Danish navy in Copenhagen harbour. It was during this battle Lord Nelson famously "put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to cease fire. When a British expeditionary force bombarded Copenhagen in 1807, to gain control of the Danish navy, the city suffered great damage and hundreds of people were killed. The reason why the devastation was so great was that Copenhagen relied on an old defence-line rendered virtually useless by the increase in shooting range available to the British. But not until the 1850s were the ramparts of the city opened to allow new housing to be built around the lakes ("Søerne") which bordered the old defence system to the west. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, not only because the old ramparts were out of date as a defence system, but also because of bad sanitation in the old city. Before the opening, Copenhagen Center was inhabited by approximately 125,000 people, peaking in the census of 1870 (140,000); today the figure is around 25,000. In 1901, Copenhagen expanded further, incorporating communities with 40,000 people, and in the process making Frederiksberg an enclave within Copenhagen.

During World War II Copenhagen was occupied by German troops along with the rest of the country from 9 April 1940 until 4 May 1945. In August 1943, when the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, several ships were sunk in Copenhagen Harbour by the Royal Danish Navy to prevent them being used by the Germans. The city has grown greatly since the war, in the seventies using the so-called five-finger-plan of commuter trainlines to surrounding towns and suburbs.

Since the summer 2000, the cities of Copenhagen and Malmö have been connected by a toll bridge/tunnel (Øresund Bridge), which allows both rail and road passengers to cross. It was inaugurated in July 2000 by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. As a result, Copenhagen has become the centre of a larger metropolitan area which spans both nations. The construction of the bridge has led to a large number of changes to the public transportation system and the extensive redevelopment of Amager, south of the main city. The bridge has not yet been as widely used by motorists as was originally hoped, likely due to the high road tolls, allegedly slowing the planned integration of the region. Train passengers, however, are plentiful and increasing in numbers. The lack of a commonly acceptable currency throughout the area is another hindrance to the integration of the region, even though a growing number of shops, restaurants etc, if not usually encouraged, accept payment with either nation's currency in the other country.

[edit] Geography

Copenhagen is located on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand (Sjælland) and partly on the island of Amager. Copenhagen faces to the east the Øresund, the strait of water that separates Denmark from Sweden, and that connects the North Sea with the Baltic Sea. On the Swedish side of the sound directly across from Copenhagen, lie the towns of Malmö and Landskrona.

Copenhagen is also a part of the Øresund region, which consists of the eastern part of Zealand in Denmark and the western part of Scania in Sweden.

[edit] Population

1,211,000 people live in metropolitan Copenhagen (Storkøbenhavn), a statistical abstract comprising the municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg and part of Copenhagen Capital Region. Of these, 503,699 live in the Municipality of Copenhagen, 92,234 in the Municipality of Frederiksberg, and 618,529 in the whole or part of 18 surrounding municipalities that are also part of Copenhagen Capital Region.

An even larger metropolitan region was known as the Copenhagen Region (Hovedstadsregionen). The population of the 34 municipalities closest to and including the municipality of Copenhagen is 1,847,737 (2007). Land area: 2926 km² (1,129.7 sq mi). Water area: around 108 km² (41.7 sq mi). Thus, the region comprises 6.9% of the land area of Denmark, but has 34% of Denmark's population. This gives a total of 631 inhabitants per km² or 1,635 per square mile for the region. This compares with a population density in the rest of the country of approximately 90 per km² or around 230 per square mile. The population density of the region is around 300 inhabitants per km² (777/ sq mi) outside the metropolitan area of Copenhagen, and this is also the population density of Zealand as a whole. A high-ranking civil servant of the Interior Ministry, Henning Strøm, who was involved in (i.e. known as "the Father of") a past municipal reform, which took effect on 1 April 1970, said on television, broadcast in connection with the recent Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), that Copenhagen municipality would encompass an area with 1.5 million inhabitants, if the principles of the 1970 municipal reform were also applied on Copenhagen municipality.^[1] In other words: in the rest of Denmark the city occupies only part of the municipality, but in Copenhagen the municipality of Copenhagen occupies only part of the city of Copenhagen.

[edit] Districts

The city itself is divided into 15 administrative, statistical and tax districts (bydele):

Indre By ("Copenhagen Center") Christianshavn Indre Østerbro ("Inner Østerbro") Ydre Østerbro ("Outer Østerbro") Indre Nørrebro ("Inner Nørrebro")

Ydre Nørrebro ("Outer Nørrebro") Vesterbro Kongens Enghave Valby Vanløse

Brønshøj-Husum Bispebjerg Sundbyøster Sundbyvester Vestamager

[edit] Demography

Historic population. The two figures for February 1, 1901 are before and after the municipality annexed some nearby parishes. The apparent decline since the mid-1900s are due to the figures not including the urban areas outside Copenhagen municipality.

1450: est. 4–5,000 1500: est. 10,000 1650: est. 30,000 1700: est. 65,000 15.1.1769: 80,000 1.7.1787: 90,032 1.2.1801: 100,975 1.2.1840: 120,819 1.2.1850: 129,695 1.2.1860: 155,143 1.2.1870: 181,291 1.2.1880: 234,850 1.2.1890: 312,859 1.2.1901: 360,787 1.2.1901: 400,575

1.2.1911: 462,161 1.2.1921: 561,344 5.11.1930: 617,069 5.11.1940: 700,465 7.11.1950: 768,105 26.9.1960: 721,381 9.11.1970: 622,773 1971: 625,678 1972: 610,985 1973: 595,751 1974: 576,030 1975: 562,405 1976: 545,350 1977: 529,154 1978: 515,594

1979: 505,974 1980: 498,850 1981: 493,771 1982: 490,597 1983: 486,593 1984: 482,937 1985: 478,615 1986: 473,000 1987: 469,706 1988: 468,704 1989: 467,850 1990: 466,723 1991: 464,773 1992: 464,566 1993: 466,129

1994: 467,253 1995: 471,300 1996: 476,751 1997: 483,658 1998: 487,969 1999: 491,082 2000: 495,699 2001: 499,148 2002: 500,531 2003: 501,285 2004: 501,664 2005: 502,362 2006: 501,158 2007: 503,699

[edit] Culture

[edit] General situation

Copenhagen has been ranked as one of the world's best cities to live in, despite the high cost of living.^[2]

Strøget, a pedestrian shopping street in central Copenhagen was inaugurated in 1961. Copenhagen's extensive pedestrian network has been developed over the last 40 years through the work of architect and professor Jan Gehl.

The Copenhagen Jazz Festival is a popular annual event that is the result of a significant jazz scene having existed for many years. It developed significantly when a number of American jazz musicians such as Ben Webster, Thad Jones, Richard Boone, Ernie Wilkins, Kenny Drew, Ed Thigpen, Bob Rockwell and others such as rock guitarist Link Wray came to live in Copenhagen during the 1960s.

Sexual equality is a high priority in Denmark. Women encounter little or no discrimination in Copenhagen, sexual harassment is rare compared to other Western capital cities, and crime against women is low.

Copenhagen is known as a 24-hour party city. For free entertainment one can stroll along Strøget, especially between Nytorv and Højbro Plads, which in the late afternoon and evening is a bit like an impromptu three-ring circus with musicians, magicians, jugglers and other street performers.

[edit] Sports

Copenhagen has a wide variety of sport teams. Denmark's two leading football teams, Brøndby IF and FC København, are based in Copenhagen and its suburbs. FC København play at Parken in Østerbro, Copenhagen. Brøndby IF play at Brøndby Stadion outside of the municipality of Copenhagen.

Notable Copenhagen teams playing at the second highest level in Danish football (the Danish 1st Division) include AB, HIK, Frem, Brønshøj, Fremad Amager and Skjold.

Copenhagen also has three ice hockey teams: Rødovre Mighty Bulls, Herlev Hornets and Nordsjælland Cobras.

There is both a men's and a women's handball team, and both teams play in the highest league. Both of the handballteams are owned by FC København and have the same name and logo. They were formerly known as FIF.

Rugby is also played in the Danish capital with teams such as CSR-Nanok, Copenhagen Scrum, Exiles, Froggies and Rugbyklubben Speed.

The Danish Australian Football League, based in Copenhagen is the largest Australian rules football competition outside of the English speaking world.

Copenhagen is also home to a number of Denmark's 40-odd cricket clubs. Although Denmark has been an associate member of the International Cricket Council since 1966, the sport is not taught much in schools, and Danish cricket competes unfavourably with the much more widely followed sport of football for players, facilities, media attention and spectators.

Copenhagen is also home to three prominent paintball teams, the Copenhagen Ducks, The Ugly Ducklings and the Copenhagen Berserks. Because of paintball's relative popularity in Scandinavia, these teams are well-known throughout the globe, despite Denmark's small size.

The second World Outgames will take place in Copenhagen in 2009, after Berlin refused to stage them due to the continuing rivalry between the two gay sporting organisations.

[edit] Cuisine

Copenhagen offers a great variety of fine restaurants and it is possible to find modest eateries with open sandwiches (called "smørrebrød"), which is the traditional and most known dish. Most restaurants, though, serve international dishes.

Also, Copenhagen is known for the hotdog stands found throughout the city. The city is also home to many fine bakeries and pastry shops.

The city boasts an impressive 10 Michelin star restaurants. Restaurant Noma (Nordisk Madhus) has currently been voted the 33rd best restaurant in the world.^[3]

Lately, immigration from the Middle East, Turkey and Arabian countries has made fast food dishes like kebab and falafel as popular as more traditional Danish fast food.

[edit] Transport

The public transportation system of Copenhagen consists of commuter trains (called "S-Trains" (S-tog)), buses, and a metro. The S-trains form the basis of the transportation network, stretching to most areas of metropolitan Copenhagen, with their main hub at Copenhagen Central Station (København H). Some regional trains supplement the S-train services with lines extending further such as to the Copenhagen Airport, Elsinore, and Malmö.

The entire system is operated by Trafikselskabet Movia, covering all of east Denmark, 45 municipalities in total, not including Bornholm. Tickets are transferable from one means of transport to another (e.g. from bus to train) as long as the time limit is not exceeded. The former Copenhagen region, 34 municipalities, is divided into ninety-five zones, which determine the cost of a ticket. The more zones a ticket is valid for, the longer its time validity with a maximum of two hours. A trip of seven or more zones costs a base rate.

Discount cards, known as punch cards, as well as period cards are available. Ticket prices are high and have increased substantially in recent years leading to a decrease in passenger numbers.^{[citation needed]} In fact, the percentage of trips made on public transportation in Copenhagen is quite low by northern European standards.^{[citation needed]}

An extensive road system is also in place, and the city's bicycle paths are extensive and well-used. The city provides public bicycles which can be found throughout the downtown area and used with a returnable deposit of 20 kroner. Bicycle paths are often separated from the main traffic lanes and sometimes have their own signal systems. Copenhagen is known as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world,^[4] and is a center of bicycle culture.

[edit] Places of note in or near Copenhagen

• Amalienborg Palace
• Assistens Cemetery (Assistens Kirkegård)
• Arken Museum of Modern Art
• Børsen, the former Stock Exchange
• The Copenhagen Opera House
• Danish Design Centre
• Bakken
• Christiania
• Christiansborg
• Copenhagen Zoo
• Danish National Gallery
• Danmarks Nationalbank
• Frederiksborg Palace in Hillerød
• Gefion fountain
• Kastellet
• Kronborg Castle — Hamlet's castle in Elsinore (Helsingør)
• The Little Mermaid
• Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
• National Museum of Denmark
• Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
• Nyhavn
• Rosenborg Castle
• Roskilde
• Rundetårn
• Strøget
• Tivoli Gardens (amusement park)
• University of Copenhagen
• Ungdomshuset

[edit] Notable natives

Karen Blixen, writer, also known as Isak Dinesen Niels Bohr, physicist, Nobel laureate Aage Bohr, physicist, Nobel laureate (son of Niels Bohr) Victor Borge, entertainer August Bournonville, ballet choreographer Georg Brandes, critic Helena Christensen, model Tove Ditlevsen, writer Carl Theodor Dreyer, movie director Jens Fink-Jensen, writer Peter Høeg, writer Arne Jacobsen, designer

J. C. Jacobsen, founder of Carlsberg Brewery Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher Lauritz Melchior, opera singer Mads Mikkelsen, actor Jakob Nielsen Lars von Trier, movie director Dan Turèll, writer Lars Ulrich, drummer of heavy-band Metallica Jørn Utzon, architect Michael Laudrup, football player. Peter Schmeichel, football player

[edit] References

• Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD, also known as Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
• Municipal and county statistics: Statistics Denmark statistikbanken.dk
• Demography: (Danish) Statistical Yearbook of Copenhagen (part English); ISBN 87-7024-230-5
• History and demography: (Danish) København Forslag til kommuneplan 1985; ISBN 87-88034-03-8

[edit] Notes

[edit] See also

• Oresund Region
• Eurovision Song Contest 2001
• MTV Europe Music Awards 2006
• Transportation in Denmark
• Ports of the Baltic Sea

[edit] External links

• Official Municipal Website
• City of Copenhagen Statistical Office
• Trafikselskabet Movia, Public Mass Transit Authority of East Denmark (Danish)
• Copenhagen Capacity, the official investment agency of Greater Copenhagen
• Webcam of the City Hall Square from Politiken, a national daily newspaper. Images updated every 20 seconds
• Useit.dk - Use-it tourist info for young travellers on a low budget
• Wonderful Copenhagen official tourism web site
• The Time Machine The history of Copenhagen in the 1800s in sound and images from Danish Broadcasting Corp. (DR)
• Copenhagen Expozed Extensive independent tourist guide
• Visiting Copenhagen (AOK)
• Rejseplanen: Getting around with public transportation
• Copenhagen travel guide from Wikitravel
• Maps and information for tourists
• Danish Statistics Office
• Bella Center.

Coordinates: 55°40′30″N, 12°34′7.32″E