Corruption Perceptions Index

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Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2006

Since 1995, Transparency International has published an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)^[1] ordering the countries of the world according to "the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians".^[2] The organization defines corruption as "the abuse of public office for private gain".^[2]

The 2003 poll covered 133 countries; the 2006 survey, 163. A higher score means less (perceived) corruption. The results show seven out of every ten countries (and nine out of every ten developing countries) with an index of less than 5 points out of 10.

1 Methods and interpretation
2 Countries perceived to be least and most corrupt
3 Alphabetical listing
4 References
5 See also
6 External links

[edit] Methods and interpretation

Transparency International commissioned Johann Graf Lambsdorff of the University of Passau to produce the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI).^[2] The CPI 2005 draws on "16 different polls and surveys from 10 independent institutions… The institutions who provided data for the CPI 2005 are: Columbia University, Economist Intelligence Unit, Freedom House, Information International, International Institute for Management Development, Merchant International Group, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, World Economic Forum and World Markets Research Centre. Early CPIs used public opinion surveys, but now only "experts" are used. TI requires at least three sources to be available in order to rank a country in the CPI.^[2]

TI writes in their FAQ on the CPI that "residents' viewpoints correlate well with those of experts abroad. In the past, the experts surveyed in the CPI sources were often business people from industrialised countries; the viewpoint of less developed countries was underrepresented. This has changed over time, giving increasingly voice to respondents from emerging market economies".^[2]

As this index is based on polls, the results are subjective and are less reliable for countries with fewer sources. Also, what is legally defined, or perceived, to be corruption differs between jurisdictions: a political donation legal in some jurisdiction may be illegal in another; a matter viewed as acceptable tipping in one country may be viewed as bribery in another. Thus the poll results must be understood quite specifically as measuring public perception rather than being an objective measure of corruption.

Statistics like this are necessarily imprecise; statistics from different years are not necessarily comparable. The ICCR itself explains, "…year-to-year changes in a country's score result not only from a changing perception of a country's performance but also from a changing sample and methodology. Each year, some sources are not updated and must be dropped from the CPI, while new, reliable sources are added. With differing respondents and slightly differing methodologies, a change in a country's score may also relate to the fact that different viewpoints have been collected and different questions been asked… [despite] anti-corruption reform… [or] recent exposure of corruption scandals… [i]t is often difficult to improve a CPI score over a short time period, such as one or two years. The CPI is based on data from the past three years (for more on this, see the question on the sources of data, below). This means that a change in perceptions of corruption would only emerge in the index over longer periods of time".^[3]

Increasingly, the CPI is being criticized for deflecting attention from other important types of corruption in global financial centers such as New York and the City of London that deliberately attract and handle many hundreds of billions of dollars in corrupt flows of money each year from poor countries, involving capital flowing "uphill" from poor countries to rich countries, contrary to traditional economic theories.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Countries perceived to be least and most corrupt

According to the 2006 Survey, the countries perceived to be least corrupt are:

Iceland Finland New Zealand 1/163
Denmark 4/163
Singapore 5/163
Sweden 6/163
Switzerland 7/163
Norway 8/163
Australia Netherlands 9/163

According to the 2006 Survey, the countries perceived to be most corrupt are:

Belarus Cambodia Côte d'Ivoire Equatorial Guinea Uzbekistan 151/163
Democratic Republic of the Congo Chad Bangladesh Sudan 156/163
Guinea Iraq Myanmar 160/163
Haiti 163/163

[edit] Alphabetical listing

Country or Region	2001 Survey		2002 Survey		2003 Survey		2005 Survey		2006 Survey^[4]
Country or Region	Index	Rank	Index	Rank	Index	Rank	Index	Rank	Index	Rank
Afghanistan	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.5	117/159	–	–
Albania	–	–	2.5	81/102	2.5	92/133	2.4	126/159	2.6	111/163
Algeria	–	–	–	–	2.6	88/133	2.8	97/159	3.1	84/163
Angola	–	–	1.7	98/102	1.8	124/133	2.0	151/159	2.2	142/163
Argentina	3.5	57/91	2.8	70/102	2.5	92/133	2.8	97/159	2.9	93/163
Armenia	–	–	–	–	3.0	78/133	2.9	88/159	2.9	93/163
Australia	8.5	11/91	8.6	11/102	8.8	8/133	8.8	9/159	8.7	9/163
Austria	7.8	15/91	7.8	15/102	8.0	14/133	8.7	10/159	8.6	11/163
Azerbaijan	2.0	84/91	2.0	95/102	1.8	124/133	2.2	137/159	2.4	130/163
Bahrain	–	–	–	–	6.1	27/133	5.8	36/159	5.7	36/163
Bangladesh	0.4	91/91	1.2	102/102	1.3	133/133	1.7	158/159	2.0	156/163
Barbados	–	–	–	–	–	–	6.9	24/159	6.7	24/163
Belarus	–	–	4.8	36/102	4.2	53/133	2.6	107/159	2.1	151/163
Belgium	6.6	24/91	7.1	20/102	7.6	17/133	7.4	19/159	7.3	20/163
Belize	–	–	–	–	4.5	46/133	3.7	62/159	3.5	66/163
Benin	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.9	88/159	2.5	121/163
Bhutan	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6.0	32/163
Bolivia	2.0	84/91	2.2	89/102	2.3	106/133	2.5	117/159	2.7	105/163
Bosnia-Herzegovina	–	–	–	–	3.3	70/133	2.9	88/159	2.9	93/163
Botswana	6.0	26/91	6.4	24/102	5.7	30/133	5.9	32/159	5.6	37/163
Brazil	4.0	46/91	4.0	45/102	3.9	54/133	3.7	62/159	3.3	70/163
Bulgaria	3.9	47/91	4.0	45/102	3.9	54/133	4.0	55/159	4.0	57/163
Burkina Faso	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.4	70/159	3.2	79/163
Burundi	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.3	130/159	2.4	130/163
Cambodia	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.3	130/159	2.1	151/163
Cameroon	2.0	84/91	2.2	89/102	1.8	124/133	2.2	137/159	2.3	138/163
Canada	8.9	7/91	9.0	7/102	8.7	11/133	8.4	14/159	8.5	14/163
Central African Rep.	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.4	130/163
Chad	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.7	158/159	2.0	156/163
Chile	7.5	18/91	7.5	17/102	7.4	20/133	7.3	21/159	7.3	20/163
China, People's Rep. of	3.5	57/91	3.5	59/102	3.4	66/133	3.2	78/159	3.3	70/163
China, Rep. of (Taiwan)	5.9	27/91	5.6	29/102	5.7	30/133	5.9	32/159	5.9	34/163
Colombia	3.8	50/91	3.6	57/102	3.7	59/133	4.0	55/159	3.9	59/163
Costa Rica	4.5	40/91	4.5	40/102	4.3	50/133	4.2	51/159	4.1	55/163
Côte d'Ivoire	–	–	–	–	2.1	118/133	1.9	152/159	2.1	151/163
Croatia	3.9	47/91	3.8	51/102	3.7	59/133	3.4	70/159	3.4	69/163
Cuba	–	–	–	–	4.6	43/133	3.8	59/159	3.5	66/163
Cyprus	–	–	–	–	6.1	27/133	5.7	37/159	5.6	37/163
Czech Republic	3.9	47/91	3.7	52/102	3.9	54/133	4.3	47/159	4.8	46/163
Dem. Rep. of the Congo	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.1	144/159	2.0	156/163
Denmark	9.5	2/91	9.5	2/102	9.5	3/133	9.5	4/159	9.5	4/163
Dominica	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	4.5	53/163
Dominican Republic	–	–	–	–	3.3	70/133	3.0	85/159	2.8	99/163
Ecuador	2.3	79/91	2.2	89/102	2.2	113/133	2.3	138/159	2.3	138/163
Egypt	3.6	54/91	3.4	62/102	3.3	70/133	3.4	70/159	3.3	70/163
El Salvador	3.6	54/91	3.4	62/102	3.7	59/133	4.2	51/159	4.0	57/163
Equatorial Guinea	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.9	152/159	2.1	151/163
Eritrea	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.6	107/159	2.9	93/163
Estonia	5.6	28/91	5.6	29/102	5.5	33/133	6.4	27/159	6.7	24/163
Ethiopia	–	–	3.5	59/102	2.5	92/133	2.2	137/159	2.4	130/163
Fiji	–	–	–	–	–	–	4.0	55/159	–	–
Finland	9.9	1/91	9.7	1/102	9.7	1/133	9.6	2/159	9.6	1/163
France	6.7	23/91	6.3	25/102	6.9	23/133	7.5	18/159	7.4	18/163
Gabon	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.9	88/159	3.0	90/163
Gambia	–	–	–	–	2.5	92/133	2.7	103/159	2.5	121/163
Georgia	–	–	2.4	85/102	1.8	124/133	2.3	130/159	2.8	99/163
Germany	7.4	20/91	7.3	18/102	7.7	16/133	8.2	16/159	8.0	16/163
Ghana	3.4	59/91	3.9	50/102	3.3	70/133	3.5	65/159	3.3	70/163
Greece	4.2	42/91	4.2	44/102	4.3	50/133	4.3	47/159	4.4	54/163
Grenada	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.5	66/163
Guatemala	2.9	65/91	2.5	81/102	2.4	100/133	2.5	117/159	2.6	111/163
Guinea	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.9	160/163
Guyana	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.5	117/159	2.5	121/163
Haiti	–	–	2.2	89/102	1.5	131/133	1.8	155/159	1.8	163/163
Honduras	2.7	71/91	2.7	71/102	2.3	106/133	2.6	107/159	2.5	121/163
Hong Kong, China	7.9	14/91	8.2	14/102	8.0	14/133	8.3	15/159	8.3	15/163
Hungary	5.3	31/91	4.9	33/102	4.8	40/133	5.0	40/159	5.2	41/163
Iceland	9.2	4/91	9.4	4/102	9.6	2/133	9.7	1/159	9.6	1/163
India	2.7	71/91	2.7	71/102	2.8	83/133	2.9	88/159	3.3	70/163
Indonesia	1.9	88/91	1.9	96/102	1.9	122/133	2.2	137/159	2.4	130/163
Iran	–	–	–	–	3.0	78/133	2.9	88/159	2.7	105/163
Iraq	–	–	–	–	2.2	113/133	2.2	137/159	1.9	160/163
Ireland	7.5	18/91	6.9	23/102	7.5	18/133	7.4	19/159	7.4	18/163
Israel	7.6	16/91	7.3	18/102	7.0	21/133	6.3	28/159	5.9	34/163
Italy	5.5	29/91	5.2	31/102	5.3	35/133	5.0	40/159	4.9	45/163
Jamaica	–	–	4.0	45/102	3.8	57/133	3.6	64/159	3.7	61/163
Japan	7.1	21/91	7.1	20/102	7.0	21/133	7.3	21/159	7.6	17/163
Jordan	4.9	37/91	4.5	40/102	4.6	43/133	5.7	37/159	5.3	40/163
Kazakstan	2.7	71/91	2.3	88/102	2.4	100/133	2.6	107/159	2.6	111/163
Kenya	2.0	84/91	1.9	96/102	1.9	122/133	2.1	144/159	2.2	142/163
Kuwait	–	–	–	–	5.3	35/133	4.7	45/159	4.8	46/163
Kyrgyzstan	–	–	–	–	2.1	118/133	2.3	130/159	–	–
Laos	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.3	77/159	2.6	111/163
Latvia	3.4	59/91	3.7	52/102	3.8	57/133	4.2	51/159	4.7	49/163
Lebanon	–	–	–	–	3.0	78/133	3.1	83/159	3.6	63/163
Lesotho	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.4	70/159	3.2	79/163
Liberia	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.2	137/159	–	–
Libya	–	–	–	–	2.1	118/133	2.5	117/159	2.7	105/163
Lithuania	4.8	38/91	4.8	36/102	4.7	41/133	4.8	44/159	4.8	46/163
Luxembourg	8.7	9/91	9.0	7/102	8.7	11/133	8.5	13/159	8.6	11/163
Macau, China	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6.6	26/163
Macedonia	–	–	–	–	2.3	106/133	2.7	103/159	2.7	105/163
Madagascar	–	–	1.7	98/102	2.6	88/133	2.8	97/159	3.1	84/163
Malawi	3.2	61/91	2.9	68/102	2.8	83/133	2.8	97/159	2.7	105/163
Malaysia	5.0	36/91	4.9	33/102	5.2	37/133	5.1	39/159	5.0	44/163
Mali	–	–	–	–	3.0	78/133	2.9	88/159	2.8	99/163
Malta	–	–	–	–	–	–	6.6	25/159	6.4	28/163
Mauritania	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.1	84/163
Mauritius	4.5	40/91	4.5	40/102	4.4	48/133	4.2	51/159	5.1	42/163
Mexico	3.7	51/91	3.6	57/102	3.6	64/133	3.5	65/159	3.3	70/163
Moldova	3.1	63/91	2.1	93/102	2.4	100/133	2.9	88/159	3.2	79/163
Mongolia	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.0	85/159	2.8	99/163
Morocco	–	–	3.7	52/102	3.3	70/133	3.2	78/159	3.2	79/163
Mozambique	–	–	–	–	2.7	86/133	2.8	97/159	2.8	99/163
Myanmar	–	–	–	–	1.6	129/133	1.8	155/159	1.9	160/163
Namibia	5.4	30/91	5.7	28/102	4.7	41/133	4.3	47/159	4.1	55/163
Nepal	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.5	117/159	2.5	121/163
Netherlands	8.8	8/91	9.0	7/102	8.9	7/133	8.6	11/159	8.7	9/163
New Zealand	9.4	3/91	9.5	2/102	9.5	3/133	9.6	2/159	9.6	1/163
Nicaragua	2.4	77/91	2.5	81/102	2.6	88/133	2.6	107/159	2.6	111/163
Niger	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.4	126/159	2.3	138/163
Nigeria	1.0	90/91	1.6	101/102	1.4	132/133	1.9	152/159	2.2	142/163
Norway	8.6	10/91	8.5	12/102	8.8	8/133	8.9	8/159	8.8	8/163
Oman	–	–	–	–	6.3	26/133	6.3	28/159	5.4	39/163
Pakistan	2.3	79/91	2.6	77/102	2.5	92/133	2.1	144/159	2.2	142/163
Palestinian Authority	–	–	–	–	3.0	78/133	2.6	107/159	–	–
Panama	3.7	51/91	3.0	67/102	3.4	66/133	3.5	65/159	3.1	84/163
Papua New Guinea	–	–	–	–	2.1	118/133	2.3	130/159	2.4	130/163
Paraguay	–	–	1.7	98/102	1.6	129/133	2.1	144/159	2.6	111/163
Peru	4.1	44/91	4.0	45/102	3.7	59/133	3.5	65/159	3.3	70/163
Philippines	2.9	65/91	2.6	77/102	2.5	92/133	2.5	117/159	2.5	121/163
Poland	4.1	44/91	4.0	45/102	3.6	64/133	3.4	70/159	3.7	61/163
Portugal	6.3	25/91	6.3	25/102	6.6	25/133	6.5	26/159	6.6	26/163
Qatar	–	–	–	–	5.6	32/133	5.9	32/159	6.0	32/163
Rep. of the Congo	–	–	–	–	2.2	113/133	2.3	130/159	2.2	142/163
Romania	2.8	69/91	2.6	77/102	2.8	83/133	3.0	85/159	3.1	84/163
Russia	2.3	79/91	2.7	71/102	2.7	86/133	2.4	126/159	2.5	121/163
Rwanda	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.1	83/159	2.5	121/163
Saudi Arabia	–	–	–	–	4.5	46/133	3.4	70/159	3.3	70/163
Senegal	2.9	65/91	3.1	66/102	3.2	76/133	3.2	78/159	3.3	70/163
Serbia	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.0	90/163
Serbia and Montenegro	–	–	–	–	2.3	106/133	2.8	97/159	–	–
Seychelles	–	–	–	–	–	–	4.0	55/159	3.6	63/163
Sierra Leone	–	–	–	–	2.2	113/133	2.4	126/159	2.2	142/163
Singapore	9.2	4/91	9.3	5/102	9.4	5/133	9.4	5/159	9.4	5/163
Slovakia	–	–	–	–	3.7	59/133	4.3	47/159	4.7	49/163
Slovenia	5.2	34/91	6.0	27/102	5.9	29/133	6.1	31/159	6.4	28/163
Somalia	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.1	144/159	–	–
South Africa	4.8	38/91	4.8	36/102	4.4	48/133	4.5	46/159	4.6	51/163
South Korea	4.2	42/91	4.5	40/102	4.3	50/133	5.0	40/159	5.1	42/163
Spain	7.0	22/91	7.1	20/102	6.9	23/133	7.0	23/159	6.8	23/163
Sri Lanka	–	–	3.7	52/102	3.4	66/133	3.2	78/159	3.1	84/163
Sudan	–	–	–	–	2.3	106/133	2.1	144/159	2.0	156/163
Suriname	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.2	78/159	3.0	90/163
Swaziland	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.7	103/159	2.5	121/163
Sweden	9.0	6/91	9.3	5/102	9.3	6/133	9.2	6/159	9.2	6/163
Switzerland	8.4	12/91	8.5	12/102	8.8	8/133	9.1	7/159	9.1	7/163
Syria	–	–	–	–	3.4	66/133	3.4	70/159	2.9	93/163
Tajikistan	–	–	–	–	1.8	124/133	2.1	144/159	2.2	142/163
Tanzania	2.2	82/91	2.7	71/102	2.5	92/133	2.9	88/159	2.9	93/163
Thailand	3.2	61/91	3.2	64/102	3.3	70/133	3.8	59/159	3.6	63/163
Timor-Leste	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.6	111/163
Trinidad and Tobago	–	–	–	–	4.6	43/133	3.8	59/159	3.2	79/163
Togo	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.4	130/163
Tunisia	5.3	31/91	4.8	36/102	4.9	39/133	4.9	43/159	4.6	51/163
Turkey	3.6	54/91	3.2	64/102	3.1	77/133	3.5	65/159	3.8	60/163
Turkmenistan	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.8	155/159	2.2	142/163
Uganda	1.9	88/91	2.1	93/102	2.2	113/133	2.5	117/159	2.7	105/163
Ukraine	2.1	83/91	2.4	85/102	2.3	106/133	2.6	107/159	2.8	99/163
United Arab Emirates	–	–	–	–	5.2	37/133	6.2	30/159	6.2	31/163
United Kingdom	8.3	13/91	8.7	10/102	8.7	11/133	8.6	11/159	8.6	11/163
United States	7.6	16/91	7.7	16/102	7.5	18/133	7.6	17/159	7.3	20/163
Uruguay	5.1	35/91	5.1	32/102	5.5	33/133	5.9	32/159	6.4	28/163
Uzbekistan	2.7	71/91	2.9	68/102	2.4	100/133	2.2	137/159	2.1	151/163
Venezuela	2.8	69/91	2.5	81/102	2.4	100/133	2.3	130/159	2.3	138/163
Vietnam	2.6	75/91	2.4	85/102	2.4	100/133	2.6	107/159	2.6	111/163
Yemen	2.9	65/91	2.7	71/102	2.6	88/133	2.7	103/159	2.6	111/163
Zambia	2.6	75/91	2.6	77/102	2.5	92/133	2.6	107/159	2.6	111/163
Zimbabwe	2.9	65/91	2.7	71/102	2.3	106/133	2.6	107/159	2.4	130/163

[edit] References

^ Corruption Perception Report accessed on January 9, 2007
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005). Retrieved on 2005-11-22.
^ ICCR FAQ. Retrieved on 2005-07-04.

[edit] See also

Bribe Payers Index

[edit] External links

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