Delaware River

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Delaware River
Delaware River above the Delaware Water Gap
Country	USA
States	Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York
Major cities	Philadelphia, PA, Camden, NJ, Trenton, NJ, Port Jervis, NY
Length	360 mi (579 km)
Watershed	14,119 mi² (36,568 km²)
Discharge	Trenton
- average	13,100 ft³/s (371 m³/s)
- maximum	64,800 ft³/s (1,835 m³/s)
- minimum	4,310 ft³/s (122 m³/s)
Discharge elsewhere
- Port Jervis	7,900 ft³/s (224 m³/s)
Primary source	West Branch
- location	Mount Jefferson, Town of Jefferson, Schoharie County, New York, USA
- coordinates	42°27′12″N, 74°36′26″W
- elevation	2,240 ft (683 m)
Other source	East Branch
- location	Grand Gorge, Town of Roxbury, Delaware County, New York, USA
- coordinates	42°21′26″N, 74°30′42″W
- elevation	1,560 ft (475 m)
Source confluence
- coordinates	41°56′20″N, 75°16′46″W
- elevation	880 ft (268 m)
Mouth	Delaware Bay
- coordinates	39°25′13″N, 75°31′11″W
- elevation	0 ft (0 m)
Major tributaries
- left	Neversink River, Musconetcong River
- right	Lehigh River, Schuylkill River
Delaware River watershed

For the Delaware River in Kansas, see Delaware River (Kansas)

The Delaware River is a river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. The Delaware was explored by Adriaen Block as part of the New Netherlands Colony, and was named the South River to mark the southernmost reach of that colony.

The river meets tide-water at Trenton, New Jersey. Its total length, from the head of the longest branch to the capes, is 410 miles (660 km), and above the head of the bay its length is 360 miles (579 km). The mean freshwater discharge of the Delaware River into the estuary is 11,550 cubic feet (330 m³) per second.

The Delaware River constitutes in part the boundary between Pennsylvania and New York, the entire boundary between New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and the entire boundary between Delaware and New Jersey. An historical oddity, the Delaware-New Jersey Border is actually at the New Jersey river shoreline within the Twelve-Mile Circle of New Castle, rather than the usual mid river or mid channel borders. The rest of the borders follow a mid channel approach.

Commerce was once important on the upper river, primarily prior to railway competition (1857).

The Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, running parallel with the river from Easton to Bristol, opened in 1830.
The Delaware and Raritan Canal, which runs along the New Jersey side of the Delaware River from Milford to Trenton, unites the waters of the Delaware and Raritan rivers as it empties the waters of the Delaware River via the canal outlet in New Brunswick. This canal water conduit is still used as a water supply source by the State of New Jersey.
The Morris Canal (now abandoned and almost completely filled in) and the Delaware and Hudson Canal connected the Delaware and Hudson rivers.
The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal joins the waters of the Delaware with those of the Chesapeake Bay.

The mean tides below Philadelphia are about 6 feet. The magnitude of the commerce of Philadelphia has made the improvements of the river below that port of great importance. Small improvements were attempted by Pennsylvania as early as 1771.

In the "project of 1885" the United States government undertook systematically the formation of a 26 ft (8 m) channel 600 ft (180 m) wide from Philadelphia to deep water in Delaware Bay. The River and Harbor Act of 1899 provided for a 30 foot (9 m) channel 600 feet (180 m) wide from Philadelphia to the deep water of the bay.

1 Course
- 1.1 Tributaries
2 Flooding
3 New York City Water Supply
4 Crossings
- 4.1 Washington's crossing of the Delaware
5 Major oil spills
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
- 9.1 Online maps and aerial photos

[edit] Course

The lower Delaware as viewed from New Castle in 2006

The main, west or Mohawk branch rises in Schoharie County, New York, about 1886 feet (575 m) above the sea, near Mount Jefferson, and flows tortuously through the plateau in a deep trough, impounded at one point to create the Cannonsville Reservoir, and then becoming the state boundary at the 42nd parallel, until it emerges from the Catskills. Similarly, the East Branch begins from a small pond south of Grand Gorge in the town of Roxbury in Delaware County, flowing southward toward its impoundment by New York City to create the Pepacton Reservoir, the largest reservoir in New York City's water supply system. The confluence is just south of Hancock.

After leaving the mountains and plateau, the river flows down broad Appalachian valleys, skirts the Kittatinny range, which it crosses at the Delaware Water Gap, between nearly vertical walls of limestone, and passes through a quiet and charming country of farm and forest, diversified with plateaus and escarpments, until it crosses the Appalachian plain and enters the hills again at Easton, Pa. From this point it is flanked at intervals by fine hills, and in places by cliffs, of which the finest are the Nockamixon Rocks, 3 miles (5 km) long and above 200 feet (60 m) high.

At Trenton there is a fall of 8 feet (2.4 m). Below Trenton the river flows between Philadelphia and New Jersey before becoming a broad, sluggish inlet of the sea, with many marshes along its side, widening steadily into its great estuary, Delaware Bay.

[edit] Tributaries

Its main tributaries in New York are the Mongaup and Neversink rivers and Callicoon Creek; from Pennsylvania, the Lackawaxen, Lehigh, and Schuylkill rivers; and from New Jersey, Rancocas Creek and the Musconetcong and Maurice rivers. Oldmans and Raccoon creeks are tributaries in New Jersey.

A 1655 nautical chart showing part of the Delaware River

[edit] Flooding

The Delaware has experienced a number of serious flooding events as the result of snow melt and/or rain run-off from heavy rainstorms. Record flooding occurred in August 1955, in the aftermath of the passing of the remnants of two separate hurricanes over the area within less than a week: first Hurricane Connie and then Hurricane Diane, which was, and still is, the wettest tropical cyclone to have hit the northeastern United States. The river gauge at Riegelsville, PA recorded an all time record crest of 38.85 feet on 8/19/1955.

In 2005, Word Forge Books released DEVASTATION ON THE DELAWARE: Stories and Images of the Deadly Flood of 1955 to coincide with the flood's 50th anniversary. This 356-page, narrative nonfiction softcover book is the only comprehensive documentary of the weather disaster in the Delaware Valley. Author Mary Shafer spent three years researching the event, interviewing more than 100 people who either lived through the flood or had close connections with someone who did. The book contains more than 100 historical photos and a dozen maps of the affected area, as well as an extensive appendix of weather terms, historical hurricane data, and a full index, making it a useful reference tool for anyone interested in this record-setting flood.

More recently, moderate to severe flooding has occurred along the river. The same gauge at Riegelsville recorded a peak of 30.95 feet on 9/23/2004, 34.07 feet on 4/4/2005, and 33.62 feet on 6/28/2006, all considerably higher than the flood stage of 22 feet. Source: USGS See Also: (State of New Jersey: RECENT FLOODING EVENTS IN THE DELAWARE RIVER BASIN)

Since the upper Delaware basin has few population centers along its banks, flooding in this area mainly affects natural unpopulated flood plains. Residents in the middle part of the Delaware basin experience flooding, including three major floods in the past three years that have severely damaged their homes and land. The lower part of the Delaware basin from Philadelphia southward to the Delaware Bay is tidal and much wider than portions further north, and is not prone to river related flooding (although tidal surges can cause minor flooding in this area).

The Delaware River Basin Commission, along with local governments, is working to try to address the issue of flooding along the river. As the past few years have seen a rise in catastrophic floods, most residents of the river basin feel that something must be done. However, due to insufficient federal funds, progress is slow. [1]

[edit] New York City Water Supply

After New York City had made 15 reservoirs (with more to come) for their water supply, and with a growing population, the city tried to gain permission to make five reservoirs along the Delaware River's tributaries. However, they were denied the permission to impound the Delaware's tributaries to make new reservoirs. So in 1928, New York City decided to draw water from the Delaware River to feed the population boom that had started during the beginning of the Great Depression. There were, however, villages and towns across the river in Pennsylvania that were already using the Delaware for their water supply. The two sides eventually took their case to the U.S. Supreme Court, and in 1931, New York City was finally allowed to draw 440 million gallons of water a day from the Delaware and its upstream tributaries.

[edit] Crossings

George Washington crossing the Delaware River prior to the Battle of Trenton

Main article: List of crossings of the Delaware River

The Delaware River is a major barrier to travel between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Most of the larger bridges are tolled only westbound, and are owned by the Delaware River and Bay Authority, Delaware River Port Authority, Burlington County Bridge Commission or Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission.

[edit] Washington's crossing of the Delaware

Main article: Washington's crossing of the Delaware

Perhaps the most famous “Delaware Crossing” involved the improvised boat crossing undertaken by George Washington’s army during the American Revolution on Christmas Day, 1776. This led to a successful surprise attack on the Hessian troops occupying Trenton, New Jersey.

[edit] Major oil spills

A number of oil spills have taken place in the Delaware over the years.^[1]^[2]^[3]

1975-01-31 — 11,000,000 gallions of crude oil spilled from the Corinthos tanker
1985-09-28 — 435,000 gallons of crude oil spilled from the Grand Eagle tanker after running aground on Marcus Hook Bar
1989-06-24 — 306,000 gallons of crude oil spilled from the Presidente Rivera tanker after running aground on Claymont Shoal
2004-11-26 — 265,000 gallons of crude oil spilled from the Athos 1 tanker; the tanker's hull had been punctured by a submerged, discarded anchor

[edit] See also

The Delaware River at New Hope, Pennsylvania

[edit] Notes

^ Athos 1 Oil Spill. University of Delaware Sea Grant Program (2005-03-11). Retrieved on April 29, 2006.
^ 1985 Grand Eagle Oil Spill. University of Delaware Sea Grant Program (2004-12-16). Retrieved on April 29, 2006.
^ Presidente Rivera Spill – June 24, 1989. University of Delaware Sea Grant Program (2004-12-08). Retrieved on April 29, 2006.

[edit] References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
DEVASTATION ON THE DELAWARE: Stories and Images of the Deadly Flood of 1955 (2005, Word Forge Books, Ferndale, PA) The only comprehensive documentary of this weather disaster in the Delaware River Valley.

[edit] External links

[edit] Online maps and aerial photos

Mouth or other endpoint (Delaware Bay)

WikiSatellite view at WikiMapia
Street map from MapQuest
Topographic map from TopoZone
Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA
Satellite image from Google Maps
Other maps and aerial photos

Source Confluence of East and West branches south of Hancock, NY

WikiSatellite view at WikiMapia
Street map from MapQuest
Topographic map from TopoZone
Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA
Satellite image from Google Maps
Other maps and aerial photos

v • d • e Implements in New York City's Water Supply System
Reservoirs (Croton Watershed):	New Croton Reservoir, Boyds Corner Reservoir, Middle Branch Reservoir, East Branch Reservoir/Bog Brook Reservoir, Titicus Reservoir, West Branch Reservoir, Amawalk Reservoir, Muscoot Reservoir, Cross River Reservoir, Croton Falls Reservoir/Diverting Reservoir
Reservoirs (Catskill/Delaware Watershed):	Ashokan Reservoir, Kensico Reservoir, Schoharie Reservoir, Rondout Reservoir, Neversink Reservoir, Pepacton Reservoir, Cannonsville Reservoir
Controlled Lakes:	Kirk Lake, Lake Gilead, Lake Gleneida
Waterways:	Croton River, West Branch Croton River, Middle Branch Croton River, East Branch Croton River, Titicus River, Muscoot River, Cross River, Esopus Creek, Neversink River, Rondout Creek, Delaware River, East Branch Delaware River, West Branch Delaware River
Aqueducts:	New Croton Aqueduct, Croton Aqueduct, Catskill Aqueduct, Shandaken Tunnel, Delaware Aqueduct, Neversink Tunnel, East Delaware Tunnel, West Delaware Tunnel
Storage Reservoirs:	Hillview Reservoir, Jerome Park Reservoir, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir (decommissioned), Silver Lake Reservoir, Ridgewood Reservoir
Distribution Tunnels:	New York City Water Tunnel No. 1, New York City Water Tunnel No. 2, New York City Water Tunnel No. 3 (under construction), Richmond Tunnel

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Categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica | Delaware River | Catskill/Delaware Watersheds | Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States