Ilkhanate

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The four successor Khanates of the Mongol Empire: Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde, Il-Khanate and Chagatai Khanate

The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Persian: سلسله ایلخانی‎ ), was one of the four major divisions within the Mongol Empire. It was centered in the land of Persia (Iran) and also included present-day Iraq, Afghanistan, and western Pakistan. It was based, originally, on Genghis Khan's campaigns in the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219-1224, and the continual expansion of Mongol presence under the commands of Chormagan, Baiju, and Eljigidei.

[edit] Hulegu

Hulagu, Genghis Khan's grandson and founder of the il-Khan

Ilkhanid horse archer. Although this drawing postdates the period of Ilkhanid rule and instead belongs to the Timurid dynasty (1370-1507) its subject is not a contemporary one. For example, the rider's costume (including his distinctive owl-feathered headdress) was no longer in fashion at the Timurid court, although the imagery must have appealed to a Timurid audience given the dynasty's claims to Mongol ancestry. The artist, Muhammad ibn Mahmudshah al-Khayyam, probably based his composition on an Ilkhanid work perhaps preserved in an album. These albums, which were first assembled in Iran in the fifteenth century, contained paintings, calligraphy, sketches, designs, and stencils for transferring designs that served as models and source materials for later generations of artists.

The founder of the Ilkhanate dynasty was Hulegu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Mongke khan. Taking over from Baiju in 1255 or 1256, he had been charged with subduing the Muslim kingdoms to the west "as far as the borders of Egypt." His expedition, however, was halted in Palestine by a stinging defeat at the Battle of Ain Jalut at the hands of the Mamluks of Egypt.

After a battle against Turks in 1243, Mongols occupied Anatolia. Sultanate of Rum became a vassal of Ilkhanate Mongols. These occupation lead Turkmens to move towards west to escape from Mongolian tribes. These gave birth to the Ottomans. Hulegu then returned to the Persian heartland and established his dynasty. The succession thereafter continued through his family line.

[edit] Early il-Khanate

The term il-Khan means "subordinate khan" and refers to their initial deference to Mongke as great khan and ultimate sovereign of the entire empire. Hulegu's descendants ruled Persia for the next eighty years, beginning as shamanists, then Buddhists and ultimately converting to Islam. However, the Il-khans remained opposed to the Mamluks (who had defeated both Mongol invaders and crusaders), but were never able to gain significant ground against them, eventually being forced to give up their plans to conquer Syria, and their stranglehold over their vassals the Sultanate of Rum and the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia. This was due to the hostility of the khanates to the north and east--the Chagatai khanate in Mughulistan and the Blue Horde of Batu threatened the Il-khanate in the Caucasus and Transoxiana, preventing expansion westward. Even under Hülegü's reign, the Ilkhanate was engaged in open warfare in the Caucasus with the Mongols in the Russian steppes.

[edit] Conversion to Islam

History of Greater Iran
Empires of Persia · Kings of Persia
Pre-modern
Before Islam  BCE Zayandeh Rud civilization prehistoric–? Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) 3000–? Proto-Elamite civilization 3200–2800 Bactria-Margiana Complex 2200–1700 Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai 10th–7th cent. Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire 550–330 Seleucid Empire 330–150 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 250-125 Parthian Empire 248–CE 224 CE Kushan Empire 30–275 Sassanid Empire 224–651 Hephthalite Empire 425–557 Kabul-Shahi dynasty 565–670
After Islamic Conquest  Patriarchal Caliphate 637–651 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Alavid dynasty 864–928 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Samanid dynasty 875–999 Ziyarid dynasty 928–1043 Buyid Dynasty 934–1055 Ghaznavid Empire 963–1187 Ghori dynasty 1149–1212 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarezmid dynasty 1077–1231 Ilkhanate 1256–1353 Muzaffarid dynasty 1314–1393 Chupanid dyansty 1337–1357 Jalayerid dynasty 1339–1432 Timurid Empire 1370–1506 Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1407–1468 Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1378–1508 Safavid Empire 1501–1722* Mughal Empire 1526–1857 Hotaki Ghilzai dynasty 1722–1729 Afsharid dynasty 1736–1802 * or 1736
Modern (SSR = Soviet Socialist Republic)
Afghanistan  Durrani Empire 1748–1823 British and Russian influence 1826–1919 Independence and civil war 1919–1929 Barakzai rule 1929–1973 Republic of Afghanistan 1973–1978 Communist rule 1978–1992 Afghanistan since 1992 1992 to date
Azerbaijan  Independent Khanates 1722–1828 Russian Azerbaijan 1828–1917 Democratic Republic 1918–1920 Azerbaijan SSR 1920–1991 Republic of Azerbaijan 1991 to date
Bahrain  Portuguese rule 1521–1602 British Treaty 1820–1971 Kingdom of Bahrain 1971 to date
Iran  Zand dynasty 1750–1794 Qajar dynasty 1781–1925 Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979 Iranian Revolution 1979 Provisional Government 1979 Islamic Republic of Iran 1979 to date
Iraq  Ottoman Empire 1632–1919 Hashimite monarchy 1920–1958 Coup and Republic 1958–2003 Republic of Iraq 2004 to date
Tajikistan  Emirate of Bukhara 1785–1920 Bukharan / Uzbek SSR 1920–1929 Tajik Autonomous SSR 1929 Tajik SSR 1929–1991 Republic of Tajikistan 1991 to date
Uzbekistan  Emirate of Bukhara 1785–1920 Uzbek SSR 1924–1991 Independence 1991 Republic of Uzbekistan 1991 to date
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History of Mongolia

Before Genghis Khan

Mongol Empire

Khanates

- Chagatai Khanate

- Golden Horde

- Ilkhanate

- Yuan Dynasty

- Timurid Empire

- Mughal Empire

Minghate Dynasty

Khanate of Sibir

Dzungar

Qing Dynasty (Outer Mongolia)

People's Republic of Mongolia

Modern Mongolia

Inner Mongolia

Buryat Mongolia

Kalmyk Mongolia

Hazara Mongols

Aimak Mongols

Timeline

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Under the harsh reign of the succeeding il-khans after Hulegu, the Muslim majority were oppressed under the Buddhist emperors, who encouraged the flourishing of Tibetan Buddhism and Nestorianism. However, with the conversion of Ghazan to Islam, Islam rose once again, and the Buddhist and Christian counterparts were severely harassed. This pattern continued under his brother Öljeitü, whose magnificent tomb in Soltaniyeh remains the best known monument of Ilkhanid rule in Persia.

After Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, the khanate began to disintegrate rapidly, and split up into several rival successor states, most prominently the Jalayirids. The last of the obscure Il-khan pretenders was assassinated in 1353. Timur the Lame later carved a state from the Jalayirids, ostensibly to restore the old khanate.

The historian Rashid al-Din wrote a universal history for the khans around 1315 which provides much material for their history.

[edit] Il-Khanid Dynasty rulers

• Hülegü (1256-1265)
• Abaqa (1265-1282)
• Ahmad Tegüder (1282-1284)
• Arghun (1284-1291)
• Gaykhatu (1291-1295)
• Baydu (1295)
• Mahmud Ghazan (1295-1304)
• Muhammad Khodabandeh (Oljeitu) (1304-1316)
• Abu Sa'id Bahadur (1316-1335)
• Arpa Ke'ün (1335-1336)

Fragmentation. The regional states established during the disintegration of the Il-khanate raised their own candidates as claimants.

• Musa (1336-1337) (puppet of 'Ali Padshah of Baghdad)
• Muhammad (1336-1338) (Jalayirid puppet)
• Sati Beg (1338-1339) (Chobanid puppet)
• Sulayman (1339-1343) (Chobanid puppet, recognized by the Sarbadars 1341-1343)
• Jahan Temur (1339-1340) (Jalayirid puppet)
• Anushirwan (1343-1356) (non-dynastic Chobanid puppet)
• Ghazan II (1356-1357) (known only from coinage)

Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan):

• Togha Temür (c. 1338-1353) (recognized by the Kartids 1338-1349; by the Jalayirids 1338-1339, 1340-1344; by the Sarbadars 1338-1341, 1344, 1353)
• Luqman (1353-1388) (son of Togha Temür)

[edit] See also

• Ilkhani
• Full list of Iranian Kingdoms
• Sarbadars, the famous political movement of the Il-Khanid era of Persia.

[edit] External links

• Ilkhanids Dynasty Mongolian dynasty
• Encylopedia Iranica. Contains more information on the Il-Khanate.
• [1] Contains a searchable database for Ilkhanid coins

[edit] References

• C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.
• R. Amitai-Preiss: Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1260-1281. Cambridge, 1995
• Marco Polo