List of human spaceflight programs
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- For a chronological list of human spaceflights, including crews, dates and mission summaries, see List of human spaceflights.
This is a list of programs intended to send humans into space. The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary. The FAI defines spaceflight as any flight over 100 kilometres (62 miles). However, in the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 80 kilometres (50 miles) are awarded astronaut wings.
Until the 21st century, spaceflight programs were sponsored exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. However, with the launch of the privately-funded SpaceShipOne in 2005, a new category of spacflight programs - commercial spaceflight.
[edit] Dyna-Soar (USA, 1957-1963)
The X-20 Dyna-Soar ('Dynamic Soarer') was a United States Air Force program to develop a manned spaceplane that could be used for a variety of military missions, including reconnaissance, bombing, space rescue, satellite maintenance, and sabotage of enemy satellites. The program ran from 24 October 1957–10 December 1963, and was canceled just after spacecraft construction had begun.
[edit] Man In Space Soonest (USA, 1958)
United States Air Force program to put an American in orbit. Cancelled when NASA was formed in August 1958.
[edit] Project Mercury (USA, 1959–1963)
- Mercury-Redstone 3 – first US manned spaceflight (suborbital)
- Mercury-Redstone 4
- Mercury-Atlas 6 – first US manned orbital flight
- Mercury-Atlas 7
- Mercury-Atlas 8
- Mercury-Atlas 9
[edit] Vostok programme (USSR, 1961–1963)
- Vostok 1 – first manned spaceflight
- Vostok 2
- Vostok 3
- Vostok 4
- Vostok 5
- Vostok 6 – first woman in space
[edit] X-15 Missions over 100-km (USA, 1963)
[edit] Manned Orbiting Laboratory (USA, 1963-1969)
The Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) was part of the United States Air Force's manned spaceflight program, a successor to the cancelled X-20 Dyna-Soar project. It was announced to the public on the same day that the Dyna-Soar program was cancelled, December 10, 1963. the program was redirected in the mid-1960s and developed as a space station used for reconnaissance purposes. The space station used a spacecraft that was derived from NASA's Gemini program. The project was cancelled on June 10, 1969 before there were any operational flights.
[edit] Voskhod programme (USSR, 1964–1965)
[edit] Project Gemini (USA, 1965–1966)
- Gemini 3
- Gemini 4 – first U.S. EVA
- Gemini 5
- Gemini 6A – first rendezvous in space, with Gemini 7
- Gemini 7 – first rendezvous in space, with Gemini 6A
- Gemini 8 – first docking in space, with Agena Target Vehicle
- Gemini 9A
- Gemini 10
- Gemini 11
- Gemini 12
[edit] Soyuz programme (USSR/Russia, 1967–ongoing)
- Soyuz 1 – crashed on landing, killing lone cosmonaut.
- Soyuz 2 – flew unmanned (listed for completeness).
- Soyuz 3 – approached, but failed to dock with, Soyuz 2.
- Soyuz 4 – docked with Soyuz 5.
- Soyuz 5 – two cosmonauts space walked to Soyuz 4, and returned to Earth on that.
- Soyuz 6 – orbited in formation, but failed to dock with Soyuz 7 and 8
- Soyuz 7 – orbited in formation, but failed to dock with Soyuz 6 and 8
- Soyuz 8 – orbited in formation, but failed to dock with Soyuz 6 and 7
- Soyuz 9 – record of over 17 days in orbit.
- Soyuz 10 – failed to dock with Salyut 1, first world's space station.
- Soyuz 11 – first and only successful flight to Salyut 1; 24 day stay at the station. All three crew dead on landing
- Soyuz 12 – two-day test mission of redesigned, two- man version.
- Soyuz 13 – further test mission; ultraviolet photography.
- Soyuz 14 – first flight to Salyut 3 (military mission)
- Soyuz 15 – last flight to Salyut 3; failed to dock with the station (military mission)
- Soyuz 16 – test flight for Apollo-Soyuz mission
- Soyuz 17 – first flight to Salyut 4; month-long stay on the station
- Soyuz 18a – failed to achieve orbit; crew returned safely.
- Soyuz 18 – last flight to Salyut 4; two-month stay on the station
- Apollo-Soyuz – joint mission with NASA; docked with Apollo spacecraft
- Soyuz 20 – uncrewed (listed for completeness)
- Soyuz 21 – first flight to Salyut 5 station; 49- day stay on the station; ended early.
- Soyuz 22 – Week spent in orbit, surveying Earth.
- Soyuz 23 – failed to dock with Salyut 5 space station, cosmonauts nearly died on landing.
- Soyuz 24 – last flight to Salyut 5
- Soyuz 25 – failed to dock with Salyut 6
- Soyuz 26 – first successful flight to Salyut 6
- Soyuz 27
- Soyuz 28
- Soyuz 29 – second long-duration crew of Salyut 6; crew returned on Soyuz 31
- Soyuz 30
- Soyuz 31 – crew returned from Salyut 6 on Soyuz 29
- Soyuz 32
- Soyuz 33
- Soyuz 34 – launched unmanned as return vehicle
- Soyuz 35
- Soyuz 36
- Soyuz T-2
- Soyuz 37
- Soyuz 38
- Soyuz T-3
- Soyuz T-4
- Soyuz 39
- Soyuz 40 – last flight to Salyut 6
- Soyuz T-5 – first flight to Salyut 7
- Soyuz T-6
- Soyuz T-7
- Soyuz T-8
- Soyuz T-9
- Soyuz T-10
- Soyuz T-11
- Soyuz T-12
- Soyuz T-13
- Soyuz T-14
- Soyuz T-15 – first flight to Mir, also last flight to Salyut 7
- Soyuz TM-2
- Soyuz TM-3
- Soyuz TM-4
- Soyuz TM-5
- Soyuz TM-6
- Soyuz TM-7
- Soyuz TM-8
- Soyuz TM-9
- Soyuz TM-10
- Soyuz TM-11
- Soyuz TM-12
- Soyuz TM-13
- Soyuz TM-14
- Soyuz TM-15
- Soyuz TM-16
- Soyuz TM-17
- Soyuz TM-18
- Soyuz TM-19
- Soyuz TM-20
- Soyuz TM-21
- Soyuz TM-22
- Soyuz TM-23
- Soyuz TM-24
- Soyuz TM-25
- Soyuz TM-26
- Soyuz TM-27
- Soyuz TM-28
- Soyuz TM-29
- Soyuz TM-30 – last flight to Mir
- Soyuz TM-31 – first Soyuz flight to ISS, carried first crew to the station
- Soyuz TM-32
- Soyuz TM-33
- Soyuz TM-34
- Soyuz TMA-1
- Soyuz TMA-2
- Soyuz TMA-3
- Soyuz TMA-4
- Soyuz TMA-5
- Soyuz TMA-6
- Soyuz TMA-7
- Soyuz TMA-8
- Soyuz TMA-9
[edit] Project Apollo (USA, 1968-1972, 1975)
- Apollo 7
- Apollo 8 - first human flight around the moon
- Apollo 9
- Apollo 10
- Apollo 11 - first human moon landing
- Apollo 12
- Apollo 13 - explosion en route to Moon forced emergency return to Earth by using free return trajectory
- Apollo 14
- Apollo 15
- Apollo 16
- Apollo 17
- Apollo-Soyuz - first joint Soviet-US mission
[edit] Skylab (USA, 1973-1974)
[edit] Space Shuttle missions (USA, 1981-ongoing)
See also: List of space shuttle missions
- STS-1 - Columbia first flight for Columbia
- STS-2 - Columbia
- STS-3 - Columbia
- STS-4 - Columbia
- STS-5 - Columbia
- STS-6 - Challenger first flight for Challenger
- STS-7 - Challenger
- STS-8 - Challenger
- STS-9 - Columbia
- STS-41-B - Challenger
- STS-41-C - Challenger
- STS-41-D - Discovery first flight for Discovery
- STS-41-G - Challenger
- STS-51-A - Discovery
- STS-51-C - Discovery
- STS-51-D - Discovery
- STS-51-B - Challenger
- STS-51-G - Discovery
- STS-51-F - Challenger
- STS-51-I - Discovery
- STS-51-J - Atlantis first flight for Atlantis
- STS-61-A - Challenger
- STS-61-B - Atlantis
- STS-61-C - Columbia
- STS-51-L - Challenger (destroyed shortly after liftoff; failed to reach space)
- STS-26 - Discovery
- STS-27 - Atlantis
- STS-29 - Discovery
- STS-30 - Atlantis
- STS-28 - Columbia
- STS-34 - Atlantis
- STS-33 - Discovery
- STS-32 - Columbia
- STS-36 - Atlantis
- STS-31 - Discovery
- STS-41 - Discovery
- STS-38 - Atlantis
- STS-35 - Columbia
- STS-37 - Atlantis
- STS-39 - Discovery
- STS-40 - Columbia
- STS-43 - Atlantis
- STS-48 - Discovery
- STS-44 - Atlantis
- STS-42 - Discovery
- STS-45 - Atlantis
- STS-49 - Endeavour first flight for Endeavour
- STS-50 - Columbia
- STS-46 - Atlantis
- STS-47 - Endeavour
- STS-52 - Columbia
- STS-53 - Discovery
- STS-54 - Endeavour
- STS-56 - Discovery
- STS-55 - Columbia
- STS-57 - Endeavour
- STS-51 - Discovery
- STS-58 - Columbia
- STS-61 - Endeavour
- STS-60 - Discovery Flight to Mir Space Station, autonomous
- STS-62 - Columbia
- STS-59 - Endeavour
- STS-65 - Columbia
- STS-64 - Discovery
- STS-68 - Endeavour
- STS-66 - Atlantis
- STS-63 - Discovery Flight to Mir Space Station, no docking (Mir-69)
- STS-67 - Endeavour
- STS-71 - Atlantis Flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-74)
- STS-70 - Discovery
- STS-69 - Endeavour
- STS-73 - Columbia
- STS-74 - Atlantis Flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-78)
- STS-72 - Endeavour
- STS-75 - Columbia
- STS-76 - Atlantis Flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-81)
- STS-77 - Endeavour
- STS-78 - Columbia
- STS-79 - Atlantis Flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-86)
- STS-80 - Columbia
- STS-81 - Atlantis Flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-88)
- STS-82 - Discovery
- STS-83 - Columbia
- STS-84 - Atlantis Flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-91)
- STS-94 - Columbia
- STS-85 - Discovery
- STS-86 - Atlantis Flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-94)
- STS-87 - Columbia
- STS-89 - Endeavour Flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-97)
- STS-90 - Columbia
- STS-91 - Discovery Flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-101)
- STS-95 - Discovery
- STS-88 - Endeavour
- STS-96 - Discovery
- STS-93 - Columbia
- STS-103 - Discovery
- STS-99 - Endeavour
- STS-101 - Atlantis
- STS-106 - Atlantis
- STS-92 - Discovery 100th Space Shuttle flight
- STS-97 - Endeavour
- STS-98 - Atlantis
- STS-102 - Discovery
- STS-100 - Endeavour
- STS-104 - Atlantis
- STS-105 - Discovery
- STS-108 - Endeavour
- STS-109 - Columbia
- STS-110 - Atlantis
- STS-111 - Endeavour
- STS-112 - Atlantis
- STS-113 - Endeavour
- STS-107 - Columbia disintegrated on reentry
- STS-114 - Discovery Return to Flight Mission
- STS-121 - Discovery
- STS-115 - Atlantis
- STS-116 - Discovery
[edit] Tier One (USA (privately funded), 2001-2004)
- SpaceShipOne flight 15P - first privately funded human spaceflight
- SpaceShipOne flight 16P - first Ansari X Prize competitive flight
- SpaceShipOne flight 17P - second Ansari X Prize competitive flight, winning the prize
[edit] Shenzhou programme (China, 2003-ongoing)
- Shenzhou 5 - first manned Chinese spaceflight
- Shenzhou 6 - first multi-day flight of the program, also first flight with more than one crewmember.
[edit] Project Constellation (USA, 2004-ongoing)
- See also: List of Constellation missions
Project Constellation is NASA's successor to the Space Shuttle. It consists of a family of new spacecraft, launchers and associated hardware that allow for a variety of space mission, from International Space Station resupply, to lunar landings.
[edit] Virgin Galactic (UK (privately funded), 2004-ongoing)
Virgin Galactic is a company within Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Group, which is developing spacecraft in conjunction with Scaled Composites to offer sub-orbital spaceflights and later orbital spaceflights to the paying public.
[edit] Crew Space Transportation System (ESA/Russia, 2006-ongoing)
Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) is a joint project by the European Space Agency and the Russian Space Agency (Roskosmos) with the objective to design a spacecraft for LEO operations such as servicing the International Space Station, but also capable of exploration of the Moon and beyond.
[edit] Space stations
(dates refer to periods when stations were inhabited by crews)
- Salyut stations (USSR, 1971-1986)
- Salyut 1 (1971, 1 crew and 1 failed docking)
- Salyut 2/Almaz (1973, failed shortly after launch)
- Salyut 3/Almaz (1974, 1 crew and 1 failed docking)
- Salyut 4 (1975-1976, 2 crews)
- Salyut 5/Almaz (1976-1977, 2 crews and 1 failed docking)
- Salyut 6 (1977-1981, 16 crews (5 long duration, 11 short duration) and 1 failed docking)
- Salyut 7 (1982-1986, 10 crews (6 long duration, 4 short duration) and 1 failed docking)
- Skylab (USA, 1973-1974, 3 crews)
- Mir (USSR/Russia, 1986-1999, 28 long duration crews)
- International Space Station (USA, Russia, Japan, Europe, Canada, 2000-ongoing, 14 long duration crews to date)
