Munich Agreement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy
| This article is part of the series: Territorial changes of Germany  History of Germany |
|---|
| Background |
| History of German settlement in Eastern Europe |
| World War I |
| Treaty of Versailles |
| Silesian Uprisings |
| Polish corridor |
| Interbellum |
| Return of the Saar region |
| Rhineland Remilitarization |
| Anschluss (Austria) |
| Munich Agreement |
| World War II |
| Großdeutschland |
| Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany |
| Yalta Conference |
| Potsdam Conference |
| Post-World War II |
| Territorial changes of Germany after World War II |
| Treaty of Zgorzelec |
| Treaty of Warsaw |
| Treaty of Prague |
| Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany |
| Recovered Territories |
| Former eastern territories of Germany |
| Oder-Neisse line |
| See also |
| Territorial changes of Poland |
My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time.
The Munich Agreement (Czech: Mnichovská dohoda; German: Münchner Abkommen) was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland Crisis between the major powers of Europe after a conference held in Munich, Germany in 1938 and signed on September 29. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defences were situated there. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of Czechoslovakia in the face of territorial demands made by Adolf Hitler, and it ended up surrendering much of that state to Nazi Germany.
Because Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference, the Munich Agreement is commonly called the Munich Dictate by Czechs and Slovaks. The phrase Munich betrayal is also frequently used because military alliances between Czechoslovakia and France and between France and Britain were not honored.
The agreement is considered by many as the quintessential example of appeasement. Because Hitler soon violated the terms of the agreement, it has often been cited in support of the principle that tyrants should never be appeased.
Contents |
[edit] Background
The Sudetenland was an area of Czechoslovakia where ethnic Germans formed a majority of the population. The Sudeten Germans had attempted to prevent the German language border areas that had formerly been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from becoming part of Czechoslovakia in 1918. They had proclaimed the German-Austrian province Sudetenland in October 1918, voting to join the newly declared Republic of German Austria in November 1918. This had been forbidden by the victorious allied powers of the First World War (the Treaty of Saint-Germain) and by the Czechoslovak government, partly with force of arms in 1919. Many Sudeten Germans rejected affiliation with Czechoslovakia because they had been refused the right to self-determination promised by US president Wilson in his Fourteen Points of January 1918.
[edit] Hitler's demands
In March 1938 Germany had annexed Austria with the Anschluss. It was widely expected that Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland, with its substantial German population led by the Nazi politician Konrad Henlein, would be Hitler's next demand. France and the Soviet Union both had alliances with Czechoslovakia, but both were unprepared materially and politically for war. Indeed, Joseph Stalin and Soviet Russia were very wary of any capitalist alliances. The French were under the leadership of Édouard Daladier, who was a politically weak leader and an upcoming French general election meant that a French military expedition was unlikely. None of the powers in western Europe wanted war. They severely overestimated Adolf Hitler's military ability at the time, and while Britain and France had superior forces to the Germans they felt they had fallen behind, and both were undergoing massive military rearmament to catch up. Hitler, on the other hand, was in just the opposite position. He far exaggerated German power at the time and was desperately hoping for a war with the west which he thought he could easily win.[citation needed] He was pushed into holding the conference, however, by Benito Mussolini who was unprepared for a Europe-wide conflict, and was also concerned about the growth of German power. The German military leadership also knew the state of their armed forces and did all they could to avoid war.
In the lead up to the conference the great powers of Europe mobilized their forces for the first time since World War I. Many thought war was inevitable and that a peace that would satisfy everyone would be impossible to attain.
[edit] Resolution
A deal was reached, however, and on September 29, Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement. The Czechoslovak government capitulated (September 30) and agreed to abide by the agreement. The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting October 10, and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further.
Hitler and Chamberlain signed an additional resolution determining to resolve all future disputes between Germany and the United Kingdom through peaceful means. This is often confused with the Four-Power Munich Agreement itself, not least because most photographs of Chamberlain's return show him waving the paper containing the resolution, not the Munich Agreement itself.
[edit] Reactions
Chamberlain received an ecstatic reception upon his return to Britain. At Heston Aerodrome, west of London, he made the now infamous "Peace for our time" speech and waved the agreement to a delighted crowd. Though the British and French were pleased, as were the German military and diplomatic leadership, Hitler was furious. He felt as though he had been forced into acting like a bourgeois politician by his diplomats and generals.[citation needed]
Winston Churchill denounced the Agreement in the House of Commons:
We have suffered a total and unmitigated defeat...you will find that in a period of time which may be measured by years, but may be measured by months, Czechoslovakia will be engulfed in the Nazi régime. We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude...we have sustained a defeat without a war, the consequences of which will travel far with us along our road...we have passed an awful milestone in our history, when the whole equilibrium of Europe has been deranged, and that the terrible words have for the time being been pronounced against the Western democracies: "Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting". And do not suppose that this is the end. This is only the beginning of the reckoning. This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigour, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time.
Hitler now regarded Chamberlain with utter contempt. A British diplomat in Berlin was informed that Hitler viewed Chamberlain as "an impertinent busybody who spoke the ridiculous jargon of an outmoded democracy. The umbrella, which to the ordinary German was a symbol of peace, was in Hitler's view only a subject of derision".[1] Also, Hitler had been heard saying: "If ever that silly old man comes interfering here again with his umbrella, I'll kick him downstairs and jump on his stomach in front of the photographers".[2]
Joseph Stalin was also very upset by the results of the Munich conference. The Soviets had not been represented at the conference and felt they should be acknowledged as a major power. The British and French, however, mostly used the Soviets as a threat to dangle over the Germans. Stalin concluded that the west had actively colluded with Hitler to hand over a country to the Nazis, causing concern that they might do the same to the Soviet Union in the future, allowing the partition of the USSR between the western powers and the fascist powers. This fear influenced Stalin's decision to sign the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany in 1939.[citation needed]
The Czechoslovaks were also less than delighted with the Munich settlement. With Sudetenland gone to Germany and later southern Slovakia (one third of Slovak territory) taken by Hungary and the area of Cieszyn Silesia by Poland (the disputed area west of the Olza River, so-called Zaolzie - 906 km², 258,000 inhabitants), Czecho-Slovakia (as the state was now renamed) lost its border defences with Germany and without them its independence became more nominal than real. In fact, Edvard Beneš, the then President of Czechoslovakia, had the military print the march orders for his army and put the press on standby for a declaration of war. Czechoslovakia also lost 70% of its iron/steel, 70% of its electrical power, 3.5 million citizens and the famous Škoda Works to Germany as a result of the settlement.[3]
After Hitler personally inspected the Czech fortifications, he privately admitted to Joseph Goebbels that ‘We would have shed a lot of blood,’ and said that it was fortunate things turned out the way that they did.[4]
[edit] Invasion of the remainder of Czechoslovakia
On 13 March 1939, Churchill's prediction was fulfilled as Nazi armies entered Prague and proceeded to occupy the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia, which was transformed into a protectorate of the Reich. The eastern half of the country, Slovakia, became a separate pro-Nazi state.
Prime Minister Chamberlain felt betrayed by the Nazi seizure of Czechoslovakia, realising his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed, and immediately began to mobilize the British Empire's armed forces on a war footing. France did the same. Although no immediate action followed, Hitler's move on Poland in September started World War II in Europe.
[edit] End of the agreement
The agreement was formally withdrawn after Czechoslovak partisans assisted by British intelligence assassinated one of the most powerful Nazis, Reinhard Heydrich, 1942 in Prague during Operation Anthropoid.
[edit] In Chamberlain's own words
- "My good friends, for the second time in our history a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time." Chamberlain's reference is to Beaconsfield's return from the Congress of Berlin in 1878.
- "I asked Hitler about one in the morning while we were waiting for the draftsmen whether he would care to see me for another talk….I had a very friendly and pleasant talk, on Spain, (where he too said he had never had any territorial ambitions) economic relations with S.E. Europe, and disarmament. I did not mention colonies, nor did he. At the end I pulled out the declaration which I had prepared beforehand and asked if he would sign it. As the interpreter translated the words into German Hitler said Yes I will certainly sign it. When shall we do it? I said "now", & we went at once to the writing table & put our signatures to the two copies which I had brought with me." (Chamberlain in a letter to his sister Hilda Chamberlain, 10/2/38)[citation needed]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (Macmillan, 1959), p. 122.
- ^ Ibid, p. 135.
- ^ Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of The Third Reich
- ^ Irving, David. "Goebbels. Mastermind of the Third Reich". P. 474,
- Krejčí, Oskar: "Geopolitics of the Central European Region. The view from Prague and Bratislava" Bratislava: Veda, 2005. 494 p. (Free download)
- Igor Lukes & Erik Goldstein (editors) The Munich crisis, 1938 : prelude to World War II, London ; Portland, OR : Frank Cass Inc, 1999.
- William L. Shirer The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, New York: Touchstone Press, 1959.
- Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John Munich: prologue to tragedy, New York: Viking Press, 1965.
[edit] External links
- The Munich Agreement - Text of the Munich Agreement on-line
- British Pathe newsreel (includes Chamberlain's speech at Heston aerodrome)
- The Munich Agreement: Dreams of Peace that Led to War
