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维基百科,自由的百科全书
![]() 「我利用了宇宙射線,并且使它們æ“作一個æˆç‚ºåŽŸå‹•åŠ›çš„è¨å‚™ã€‚ ã€â€”å°¼å¤æ‹‰Â·ç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰;《布é¯å…‹æž—è€é·¹ã€‹ï¼Œ1931å¹´7月10日。
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出生: | 1856å¹´7月9æ—¥/7月10æ—¥ 克羅地亞Smiljan (然後併入奧地利å¸åœ‹) |
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é€ä¸–: | 1943å¹´1月7æ—¥ 美國ç´ç´„ |
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è·æ¥ï¼š | 發明家ã€ç‰©ç†å¸å®¶ã€æ©Ÿæ¢°å·¥ç¨‹å¸«å’Œé›»æ©Ÿå·¥ç¨‹å¸« |
å°¼å¤æ‹‰Â·ç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰ï¼ˆNikola Tesla,1856年—1943年)是世界知å的發明家ã€ç‰©ç†å¸å®¶ã€æ©Ÿæ¢°å·¥ç¨‹å¸«å’Œé›»æ©Ÿå·¥ç¨‹å¸«ã€‚塞爾ç¶äºžè¡€çµ±çš„他出生在克羅地亞(後併入奧地利å¸åœ‹)。特斯拉在æ·å²ä¸Šè¢«èªç‚ºå…¶ä¸ä¸€ä½æœ€é‡è¦çš„發明者。他為他的在第19å’Œ20世紀åˆæœ«æœŸå°é›»å’Œç£æ€§çš„è²¢ç»ä¹Ÿæ˜¯çŸ¥å的。他的專利和ç†è«–工作形å¼ä¾æ“šç¾ä»£äº¤è®Šé›»æµé›»åŠ›(AC)的系統,包括多相電力分é…系統和AC馬é”,幫助了他帶起第二次工æ¥é©å‘½ã€‚
在美國,特斯拉在æ·å²ä¸Šæˆ–通俗文化上的åè²å¯ä»¥åª²ç¾Žä»»ä½•å…¶ä»–的發明家或科å¸å®¶ã€‚西元1893年他展示了無線通訊並æˆç‚ºäº†é›»æµä¹‹æˆ°çš„è´å®¶ä¹‹å¾Œï¼Œå°±æˆç‚ºäº†ç¾Žåœ‹æœ€å‰å¤§çš„é›»å工程師之一而備å—尊敬。許多他早期的æˆæžœè®Šæˆç¾ä»£é›»å工程的先驅,而且他的許多發ç¾ç‚ºé–‹å‰µæ€§çš„é‡è¦ã€‚在西元1943年,美國最高法院承èªä»–為無線電的發明者。特斯拉從ä¸åœ¨æ„他的財務狀æ³ï¼Œæ–¼çª®å›°ä¸”被éºå¿˜çš„情æ³ä¸‹ï¼Œäº«å¹´86æ²ã€‚
在使用電的ç¾ä»£ä¸–界上到處都å¯ä»¥çœ‹è¦‹ç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰çš„éºç”¢ã€‚撇開他在電ç£å¸å’Œå·¥ç¨‹ä¸Šçš„æˆå°±ï¼Œç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰ä¹Ÿè¢«èªç‚ºå°æ©Ÿå™¨äººã€å½ˆé“å¸ã€è³‡è¨Šç§‘å¸ã€æ ¸å物ç†å¸å’Œç†è«–物ç†å¸ä¸Šç‰å„ç¨®é ˜åŸŸæœ‰è²¢ç»ã€‚特斯拉晚年被視為一個瘋狂科å¸å®¶ä¸¦ç”±æ–¼å®£ç¨±å¯ä»¥å‰µé€ 怪異的科å¸ç™¼æ˜Žè€Œè¢«æ³¨æ„。[1][2] 許多他的æˆå°±å·²ä¼´éš¨è‘—一些çˆè°è¢«æ‡‰ç”¨ï¼ŒåŽ»æ”¯æŒè‘—許多的å½ç§‘å¸ï¼Œå¦‚|幽浮ç†è«–和新世紀神秘ç†è«–。特斯拉當代的欽佩者視他為"å‰µé€ å‡ºäºŒå世紀的人"[3]
目录[éšè—] |
[编辑] 早年
據傳闻,特斯拉在一个电闪雷鸣åˆå¤œï¼Œå‡ºç”ŸäºŽä¸€ä¸ªåå«Smiljanæ‘莊的塞爾ç¶äºžäººå®¶åºä¸ã€‚这个æ‘庄ä½äºŽå¥§åœ°åˆ©å¸åœ‹ï¼ˆä»Šå…‹ç¾…埃西亞共和國)的Likaå€Gospić附近。[4] ä»–çš„å—洗紀錄說明了他出生於 1856å¹´6月28æ—¥ [N.S. July 10], 而且被塞爾ç¶äºžä¸œæ£æ•™ç¥žçˆ¶Toma Oklobdžija给嬰兒å—洗。他的父親å為Rev. Milutin Tesla,在斯雷姆斯基å¡çˆ¾æ´›å¤«å¥‡æ•™å€çš„塞爾ç¶äºžä¸œæ£æ•™æ•™å ‚裡當神父。他的æ¯è¦ªå為Äuka Mandić,本身就是一ä½å¡žçˆ¾ç¶äºžä¸œæ£æ•™ç¥žçˆ¶çš„女兒,并且éžå¸¸æ“…長於製作家åºæ‰‹å·¥å·¥å…·ã€‚她能背許多塞爾ç¶äºžå²è©©ï¼Œä½†å¾žæœªå¸éŽèªå—。[5]他的教父,Jovan Drenovac,是ä¿è¡›è»äº‹é‚Šç–†çš„陸è»ä¸Šå°‰ã€‚特斯拉為家ä¸äº”個å©å之一,有一個兄弟(Dane,在尼å¤æ‹‰äº”æ²æ™‚æ»æ–¼é¨Žé¦¬æ„外)和三個姊妹(Milka, Angelina å’Œ Marica)。[6]1862年時他的家åºç§»å±…到Gospić。特斯拉在 克羅地亞的å¡çˆ¾æ´›ç“¦èŒ¨ä¸Šå¸ï¼Œä¸¦åœ¨1875å¹´å¥§åœ°åˆ©çš„æ ¼æ‹‰èŒ²ç§‘æŠ€å¤§å¸ä¿®è®€é›»å工程。在那裡,他å¸ç¿’交æµé›»çš„應用。至少有两份ææ–™è¯´æ˜Žä»–åœ¨æ ¼æ‹‰èŒ¨å¤§å¦èŽ·å¾—了å¦å£«å¦ä½ã€‚[7][8] 然而他的å¦æ ¡å´å®£ç§°ä»–从æ¥æ²¡æœ‰èŽ·å¾—过å¦ä½ï¼Œä»–在大å¸ä¸€å¹´ç´šåªä¸Šäº†ç¬¬ä¸€å¸æœŸçš„課,并且在那期间已ç»ä¸å¬è¯¾äº†ã€‚[9][10]æ®ä»–大å¦å®¤å‹æ‰€è¯´ï¼Œç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰æ²¡æœ‰æ¯•ä¸šã€‚[11]在1878å¹´ï¼Œä»–ç¦»å¼€æ ¼æ‹‰èŒ¨å¹¶ä¸”ä¸Žå®¶é‡Œæ–ç»äº†æ‰€æœ‰çš„è”系。他的朋å‹ä»¥ä¸ºä»–在Mura被淹æ»äº†ã€‚他去了斯洛文尼亚的马尔åšé‡Œï¼Œåœ¨é‚£é‡Œä»–首次被è˜ä¸ºåŠ©ç†å·¥ç¨‹å¸ˆä¸€å¹´ã€‚在这期间他患上了神ç»è¡°å¼±ã€‚他的父亲一直åŠä»–å›žåˆ°å¸ƒæ‹‰æ ¼å¤§å¦çš„Charles-Ferdinandåˆ†æ ¡ï¼ŒäºŽæ˜¯ä»–äºŽ1880年到那里读了å¤å£å¦æœŸã€‚然而当他父亲æ»åŽï¼Œä»–离开了大å¦ï¼Œåªå®Œæˆäº†ä¸€ä¸ªå¦æœŸã€‚[12]
特斯拉çƒè¡·äºŽé˜…读å„ç§ä¹¦ç±ï¼Œè®°ä¸‹æ•´æœ¬ä¹¦ã€‚他的记忆就åƒç…§ç›¸æœºä¸€èˆ¬ï¼ˆç”ŸåŠ¨è®°å¿†ï¼‰[13] ã€‚ç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰åœ¨ä»–çš„è‡ªä¼ é‡Œå™è¿°äº†ä»–所ç»åŽ†çš„çµæ„Ÿçš„æ¯ä¸€ç»†èŠ‚部分。在早年,他ç»åŽ†äº†ä¸€æ¬¡åˆä¸€æ¬¡çš„病痛折磨。承å—ç€å¥‡æ€ªçš„痛苦,眩目的闪光时常会出现在他眼å‰ï¼Œå¹¶ä¼´éšç€å¹»è§‰ã€‚大多数时候,这些幻åƒæœ‰å…³äºŽä¸€ä¸ªè¯æˆ–者一个å³å°†é—ªçŽ°çš„念头;仅仅å¬åˆ°ä¸€ä¸ªè¯ï¼Œä»–就能想象这个物体的实际细节。现代的通感者也报告了相åŒçš„ç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚ç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰èƒ½å¤Ÿåœ¨è¯•éªŒåˆ¶é€ ä»¥å‰åœ¨è„‘ä¸è¯¦ç»†çš„视觉化他的å‘明。这是一项如今被称为视觉æ€ç»´çš„技巧。特斯拉也ç»å¸¸å¿«é€Ÿçš„回忆起å‘生在他早年生活的事,这ç§æƒ…况在他的å©æ时代已ç»å‡ºçŽ°äº†ã€‚[14]
[编辑] 匈牙利与法国
In 1881 he moved to Budapest, Hungary, to work for a telegraph company, the American Telephone Company. There, he met Nebojša Petrović, then a young inventor from Austria. Although their encounter was brief, they did work on a project together using twin turbines to create continual power. On the opening of the telephone exchange in Budapest, 1881, Tesla became the chief electrician to the company, and was later engineer for the country's first telephone system. He also developed a device that, according to some, was a telephone repeater or amplifier, but according to others could have been the first loudspeaker.[21] In 1882 he moved to Paris, France to work as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company, designing improvements to electric equipment. In the same year, Tesla conceived of the induction motor and began developing various devices that use rotating magnetic fields (for which he received patents in 1888).
Soon thereafter, Tesla hastened from Paris to his mother's side as she lay dying, arriving hours before her death in 1882. Her last words to him were, "You've arrived, Nidžo, my pride." After her death, Tesla fell ill. He spent two to three weeks recuperating in Gospić and the village of Tomingaj near GraÄac, the birthplace of his mother.
在1881年,他移居去了匈牙利的布达佩斯,去为那里一家电报电报公å¸å·¥ä½œ,美国通讯公å¸ã€‚那里,他é‡è§äº†NebojÅ¡a Petrović,一个从澳大利亚æ¥çš„å¹´è½»å‘明家。尽管他们的收入微薄,他们一起åšä¸€ä¸ªé¡¹ç›®ã€‚使用åŒæ¶¡è½®æœºæ¥äº§ç”ŸæŒç»çš„电æµã€‚当电è¯ä¸šåŠ¡åœ¨å¸ƒè¾¾ä½©æ–¯å‡ºçŽ°æ—¶ï¼Œç‰¹æ–¯å‹’æˆä¸ºäº†å…¬å¸ä¸»è¦çš„电气专家。并在ä¸ä¹…以åŽè®¾è®¡äº†è¿™ä¸ªå›½å®¶ç¬¬ä¸€ä¸ªç”µè¯ç³»ç»Ÿã€‚åŒæ—¶ä»–也开å‘了一些设备,诸如电è¯è½¬æŽ¥å™¨å’Œæ‰©å¤§å™¨ï¼Œä¾é 这些设备人们能够第一次清楚地å¬åˆ°å£°éŸ³ã€‚在1992年他去了法国巴黎,在欧洲的爱迪生公å¸åšä¸€å工程师。设计改进电器。åŒå¹´ç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰å‘明了感应马达并开始开å‘å„ç§ç£åœºè½¬æ¢çš„设备。
ä¸ä¹…以åŽï¼Œç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰å¼•èµ·æ¯äº²çš„åŽŸå› æ€¥åŒ†åŒ†åœ°ç¦»å¼€å·´é»Žï¼Œåœ¨1882年刚到达ä¸ä¹…åŽçš„å‡ ä¸ªå°æ—¶æ¯äº²å°±æ»äº†ã€‚她的最åŽä¸€å¥è¯ï¼šä½ 终于æ¥äº†ï¼Œå°¼å¤æ‹‰ï¼Œæˆ‘的骄傲。当她æ»åŽï¼Œç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰å°±ç—…了。他在æ¯äº²çš„出生地GraÄac附近的Tomingaj æ‘Gospić休养了两三个星期。
[编辑] 美国
In 1884, when Tesla first arrived in the US, he had little besides a letter of recommendation from Charles Batchelor, his manager in his previous job. In the letter of recommendation to Thomas Edison, Charles Batchelor wrote, "I know two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man." Edison hired Tesla to work for his company Edison Machine Works. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was offered the task of a complete redesign of the Edison company's direct current generators.
In 1919 Tesla wrote that Edison offered him the then-staggering sum of $50,000 (almost $1 million today, adjusted for inflation [1]) if he completed the motor and generator improvements. Tesla said he worked nearly a year to redesign them and gave the Edison company several enormously profitable new patents in the process. When Tesla inquired about the $50,000, Edison reportedly replied to him, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor," and reneged on his promise.[22] Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week. At Tesla's salary of $18 per week the bonus would have amounted to over 53 years pay, and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company.[23] He eventually found himself digging ditches for a short period of time—ironically for the Edison company. Edison had also never wanted to hear about Tesla's AC polyphase designs, believing that DC electricity was the future. Tesla focused intently on his AC polyphase system, even while digging ditches.[24]
1884 年,特斯拉第一次è¸ä¸Šç¾Žåœ‹åœ‹åœŸï¼Œé™¤äº†å‰ä¸€å€‹å·¥ä½œçš„ç¶“ç† Charles Batchelor 所寫的推廌函外,他幾乎是一無所有。這å°ä¿¡æ˜¯å¯«çµ¦[愛迪生]的,當ä¸æ到:「我知é“有兩個å‰å¤§çš„äººï¼Œä½ æ˜¯å…¶ä¸ä¹‹ä¸€ï¼Œå¦ä¸€å€‹å°±æ˜¯é€™å€‹å¹´è¼•äººäº†ã€‚ã€æ„›è¿ªç”Ÿé›‡ç”¨äº†ç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰ï¼Œå®‰æŽ’他在愛迪生機械公å¸å·¥ä½œã€‚特斯拉开始为爱迪生进行简å•çš„电器设计,他进æ¥å¾ˆå¿«ï¼Œä¸ä¹…以åŽå°±èƒ½è§£å†³å…¬å¸æœ€éš¾çš„问题了。特斯拉完全负责了爱迪生公å¸ç›´æµç”µæœºçš„é‡æ–°è®¾è®¡ã€‚
1919年,特斯拉写é“:如果他完æˆé©¬è¾¾ä¸ªå‘电机的改进工作,爱迪生將æ供给他惊人的50000美元(如计入通货膨胀,相当于今天的1000000美元)。特斯阿拉说他的工作æŒç»äº†å°†è¿‘ä¸€å¹´ï¼Œå‡ ä¹Žæ•´å€‹é‡æ–°è®¾è®¡äº†ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”爱迪生公å¸ä»Žä¸èŽ·å¾—巨大的利润和新的专利所有æƒã€‚当特斯拉è¦æ±‚50000美元时,æ®ä¼ 闻爱迪生回ç”ä»–ï¼šâ€œç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰ï¼Œä½ ä¸æ‡‚我们美国人的幽默。â€æ‹’ç»ç»™ä»–钱。当特斯拉è¦æ±‚æ¯å‘¨è–ªæ°´25美元é到拒ç»åŽï¼Œä»–辞èŒäº†ã€‚当时特斯拉的薪水是æ¯å‘¨18美元,奖金会在53å²åŽæ”¯ä»˜ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªæ•°å—和公å¸åˆ›å§‹äººæ˜¯ä¸€æ ·çš„。他最åŽåŽ»æŒ–了一å°æ®µæ—¶é—´æ°´æ¸ ---作为对爱迪生公å¸çš„讽刺,爱迪生也希望永远也ä¸ä¼šå†å¬åˆ°ç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰AC交æµç”µçš„消æ¯ï¼Œå¹¶ç›¸ä¿¡ç›´æµç”µæ‰æ˜¯æœªæ¥ã€‚特斯拉专注于交æµç”µç³»ç»Ÿçš„设计,å³ä½¿åœ¨ä»–æŒ–æ°´æ¸ çš„æ—¶å€™ã€‚
[编辑] ä¸å¹´
In 1886, Tesla formed his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The initial financial investors disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company. Tesla worked in New York as a common laborer from 1886 to 1887 to feed himself and raise capital for his next project. In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternating current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the principles of his Tesla coil and began working with George Westinghouse at Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over large distances.
In April of 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called X-rays using his own single node vacuum tubes (similar to his patent #514,170 ). This device differed from other early X-ray tubes in that they had no target electrode. The modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung (or braking radiation). We now know that this device operated by emitting electrons from the single electrode through a combination of field emission and thermionic emission. Once liberated, electrons are strongly repelled by the high electric field near the electrode during negative voltage peaks from the oscillating HV output of the Tesla Coil, generating X-rays as they collide with the glass envelope. He also used Geissler tubes. By 1892, Tesla became aware of what Wilhelm Röntgen later identified as effects of X-rays.
Tesla commented on the hazards of working with single node X-ray producing devices, incorrectly attributing the skin damage to ozone rather than the radiation:
“ As to the hurtful actions on the skin... I note that they have been misinterpreted... They are not due to the Röntgen rays, but merely to the ozone generated in contact with the skin. Nitrous acid may also be responsible, but to a small extent. †—Electrical Review, 30 November 1895
Tesla later observed an assistant severely "burnt" by X-rays in his lab. He performed several experiments prior to Röntgen's discovery (including photographing the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Röntgen) but didn't make his findings widely known; much of his research was lost in the 5th Avenue lab fire of March 1895.
On July 30, 1891, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States at the age of 35. Tesla established his 35 South Fifth Avenue laboratory in New York during this same year. Later, Tesla would establish his Houston Street laboratory in New York at 46 E. Houston Street. There, at one point while experimenting with mechanical oscillators he generated a resonance of several surrounding buildings, but ironically due to the frequencies involved, not his own building, causing complaints to the police. As the speed grew he hit the resonant frequency of his own building and belatedly realising the danger he was forced to apply a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment, just as the astonished police arrived.[28] He also lit vacuum tubes wirelessly at both of the New York locations, providing evidence for the potential of wireless power transmission.[29] Some of Tesla's closest friends were artists. He befriended Century Magazine editor Robert Underwood Johnson, who adapted several Serbian poems of Jovan Jovanović Zmaj (which Tesla translated). Also during this time, Tesla was influenced by the Vedic philosophy teachings of the Swami Vivekananda.[30]
When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. He continued research of the system and rotating magnetic field principles. Tesla served, from 1892 to 1894, as the vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE. From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, effectively building the first radio transmitter. In St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla made a demonstration related to radio communication in 1893. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail its principles. Tesla's demonstrations were written about widely through various media outlets.
At the 1893 World's Fair, the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, an international exposition was held which for the first time devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was an historic event as Tesla and George Westinghouse introduced visitors to AC power by using it to illuminate the Exposition. On display were Tesla's fluorescent lights and single node bulbs. Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field and induction motor by demonstrating how to make an egg made of copper stand on end in his demonstration of the device he constructed known as the "Egg of Columbus".
Also in the late 1880s, Tesla and Edison became adversaries in part due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over the more efficient alternating current advocated by Tesla and Westinghouse. Until Tesla invented the induction motor, AC's advantages for long distance high voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. As a result of the "War of Currents," Edison and Westinghouse went nearly bankrupt, so in 1897, Tesla released Westinghouse from contract, providing Westinghouse a break from Tesla's patent royalties. Also in 1897, Tesla researched radiation which led to setting up the basic formulation of cosmic rays.[31]
When Tesla was 41 years old, he filed the first basic radio patent (U.S. Patent 645,576 ). A year later, he demonstrated a radio controlled boat to the US military, believing that the military would want things such as radio controlled torpedoes. Tesla developed the "Art of Telautomatics", a form of robotics.[32] In 1898, a radio-controlled boat was demonstrated to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. These devices had an innovative coherer and a series of logic gates. Radio remote control remained a novelty until the 1960s. In the same year, Tesla devised an "electric igniter" or spark plug for Internal combustion gasoline engines. He gained U.S. Patent 609,250 , "Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines", on this mechanical ignition system. Tesla lived in the former Gerlach Hotel, renamed The Radio Wave building, at 49 W 27th St. (between Broadway and Sixth Avenue), Lower Manhattan, before the end of the century where he conducted the radio wave experiments. A commemorative plaque was placed on the building in 1977 to honor his work.
[编辑] 科罗拉多æˆå
[编辑] 晚年
[编辑] 场论
[编辑] 定å‘能æ¦å™¨
[编辑] ç†è®ºå‘明
[编辑] é€ä¸–与é—产
[编辑] æ€§æ ¼
[编辑] 大众文化ä¸çš„å°¼å¤æ‹‰Â·ç‰¹æ–¯æ‹‰
[编辑] å‚考文献