ఇరాన్

వికీపీడియా నుండి

ఈ వ్యాసాన్ని పూర్తిగా అనువదించి,తరువాత ఈ మూసను తీసివేయండి


(జండా)	(చిహ్నం)

ప్రమాణం: Persian: Esteqlāl, āzādī, jomhūrī-ye eslāmī
(English: "Independence, freedom, (the) Islamic Republic")

జాతీయ గీతం: Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān

రాజధాని Tehran
35°40′N″44, 26°E′type:city″{{{8}}}

పెద్ద నగరము Tehran

అధికార భాషలు Persian

ప్రభుత్వము

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Islamic Republic
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Revolution
{{{established_events}}} {{{established_dates}}}

వైశాల్యము
• మొత్తం
• నీరు(%) 1,648,195 km² (17th)
0.7%

జనాభా
• 2005 అంచనా
• 1996 గణన
• జన సాంద్రత 68,467,413 ^[1] (18th)
60,055,488 ^[2]
41/km² (128th)

జి.డి.పి (పి.పి.పి)
• మొత్తం
• తలసరి 2005 అంచనా
$561,600,000,000 (19th)
$8,065 (74th)

కరెన్సీ Rial (ريال) (IRR)

కాల మానము
• వేసవి (DST) (UTC+3.30)
not observed (UTC+3.30)

ఇంటర్నెట్ TLD .ir

ఫోను కోడ్ +98

ఇరాన్ (= పర్షియా) (పర్షియన్: ایران) నైఋతి ఆసియాలోని ఒక మధ్యప్రాచ్య దేశము. 1935 దాకా ఈ దేశము పాశ్చాత్య ప్రపంచములో పర్షియా అని పిలవబడేది.1959లో మహమ్మద్ రెజా షా పహ్లవి ఉభయ పదములు ఉపయోగించవచ్చని ప్రకటించారు.కానీ ప్రస్తుత ఇరాన్ ను ఉద్దేశించి "పర్షియా" పదము వాడుక చాలా అరుదు. ఇరాన్ అను పేరు is a cognate of "ఆర్యన్" meaning "ఆర్య భూమి".

ఇరాన్ కు వాయువ్యాన అజర్‌బైజాన్ (500 కి.మీ) మరియు ఆర్మేనియా (35 కి.మీ) , ఉత్తరాన కాస్పియన్ సముద్రము , ఈశాన్యాన తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్ (1000 కి.మీ), తూర్పున పాకిస్తాన్ (909 కి.మీ) మరియు ఆఫ్ఘానిస్తాన్ (936 కి.మీ), పశ్చిమాన టర్కీ (500 కి.మీ) మరియు ఇరాక్ (1458 కి.మీ), దక్షిణాన పర్షియన్ గల్ఫ్ మరియు ఒమాన్ గల్ఫ్ లతో సరిహద్దు కలదు. 1979లో, అయాతొల్లా ఖొమేని ఆధ్వర్యములో జరిగిన ఇస్లామిక్ విప్లవం పర్యవసానముగా ఇస్లామిక్ రిపబ్లిక్ ఆఫ్ ఇరాన్ (جمهوری اسلامی ایران) గా అవతరించినది.

[మార్చు] చరిత్ర

ఇరాన్ యొక్క జాతీయత పర్షియా నుండి ఉద్భవించినది. పర్షియా అన్నపదము నేటి ఇరాన్, తజికిస్తాన్, టర్కీ, ఆఫ్ఘానిస్తాన్, కాకసస్ ప్రాంతాలకు ఉన్న ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు పేరు పర్సిస్ నుండి వచ్చినది. క్రీ.పూ 6వ శతాబ్దములో ఈ ప్రాంతాలన్నీ ఆకెమెనిడ్ వంశము యొక్క పాలనలో గ్రీస్ నుండి వాయువ్య భారతదేశము వరకు విస్తరించిన మహాసామ్రాజ్యములో భాగముగా ఉన్నవి. అలెగ్జాండర్ మూడు ప్రయత్నాల తర్వాత ఈ సామ్రాజ్యాన్ని జయించగలిగాడు. అయితే పర్షియా వెనువెంటనే పార్థియన్ మరియు సస్సనిద్ సామ్రాజ్యాల రూపములో స్వతంత్ర్యమైనది. అయితే ఈ మహా సామ్రాజ్యాలను 7వ శతాబ్దములో ఇస్లాం అరబ్బీ సేనల చేత చిక్కినచి. ఆ తరువాత సెల్జుక్ తుర్కులు, మంగోలులు మరియు తైమర్‌లేను ఈ ప్రాంతాన్ని జయించారు.

16వ శతాబ్దములో సఫవిదులు పాలనలో తిరిగి స్వాతంత్ర్యమును పొందినది. ఆ తరువాత కాలములో ఇరాన్ను షాలు పరిపాలించారు. 19వ శతాబ్దంలో పర్షియా, రష్యా మరియు యునైటెడ్ కింగ్డమ్ నుండి వత్తిడి ఎదుర్కొన్నది. ఈ దశలో దేశ ఆధునీకరణ ప్రారంభమై 20వ శతాబ్దములోకి కొనసాగినది. మార్పు కోసము పరితపించిన ఇరాన్ ప్రజల భావాల అనుగుణంగా 1905/1911 పర్షియన్ రాజ్యాంగ విప్లవం జరిగినది. 1953లో, ఇరాన్ ప్రధానమంత్రి Mohammed Mossadeq, who had been elected to parliament in 1923 and again in 1944, and who had been prime minister since 1951, was removed from power in a complex plot orchestrated by British and US intelligence agencies ("Operation Ajax"). Many scholars suspect that this ouster was motivated by British-US opposition to Mossadeq's attempt to nationalize ఇరాన్'s oil. Following Mossadeq's fall, Shah మహమ్మద్ రెజా పహ్లవి (ఇరాన్'s monarch) grew increasingly dictatorial. With strong support from the USA and the UK, the Shah further modernised Iranian industry but crushed civil liberties. His autocratic rule, including systematic torture and other human rights violations, led to the ఇరాన్ian revolution and overthrow of his regime in 1979. After more than a year of political struggle between a variety of different groups, an Islamic republic was established under the Ayatollah Khomeini by popular vote.

The new theocratic political system instituted some conservative Islamic reforms, as well as engaging in an anti-Western course, in particular against the United States, for its involvement in the 1953 coup which had toppled the elected government and fixed the Shah's repressive regime for more than 25 years. The new government inspired various groups considered by a a large part of the Western World to be fundamentalist. As a consequence, many countries, currently led by the USA, consider ఇరాన్ to be a hostile power.

In 1980 ఇరాన్ was attacked by neighbouring Iraq and the destructive Iran-Iraq War continued until 1988. However, in more recent years, the democratic political structure has led to the election of many reformist politicians, including the president, Mohammad Khatami. During the first decade of the 21st century, the struggle between reformists and conservatives over the future of the country continues through electoral politics.

[మార్చు] రాజకీయాలు

[మార్చు] పరిచయము

ఇరాన్ is a constitutional Islamic Republic, whose political system is laid out in the 1979 constitution called Qanun e Asasi. ఇరాన్'s makeup has several intricately connected governing bodies, some of which are democratically elected and some of which operate by co-opting people based on their religious inclinations.

[మార్చు] అధినేత (Rahbar)

According to ఇరాన్'s Constitution, the Supreme Leader of ఇరాన్ is responsible for the delineation and supervision of "the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran." In the absence of a single leader, a council of religious leaders is appointed. The Supreme Leader is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and controls the Islamic Republic's intelligence and security operations; he alone can declare war. He has the power to appoint and dismiss the leaders of the judiciary, the state radio and television networks, and the supreme commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. He also appoints six of the twelve members of the Council of Guardians. He, or the council of religious leaders, are elected by the Assembly of Experts, on the basis of their qualifications and the high popular esteem in which they are held.

[మార్చు] అధ్యక్షుడు (Ra'is-e Jomhour)

After the office of Leadership, the President of ఇరాన్ is the highest official in the country. His is the responsibility for implementing the Constitution and acting as the head of the executive, except in matters directly concerned with (the office of) the Leadership. According to the law, all presidential candidates must be approved by the Council of Guardians prior to running, after which he is elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term by an absolute majority of votes. After his election, the president appoints and supervises the Council of Ministers (the cabinet), coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the parliament. Eight vice presidents serve under the president, as well as a cabinet of 21 ministers. The Council of Ministers must be confirmed by Parliament. Unlike many other states, the executive branch in ఇరాన్ does not control the armed forces.

[మార్చు] పార్లమెంటు (మజ్లిస్)

బొమ్మ:Iranparliament.jpg

The "మజ్లిస్", seat of the legislative branch of the government of The Islamic Republic of Iran.

The unicameral Iranian parliament, the Islamic Consultative Assembly or "మజ్లిస్-e Shura-ye Eslami", consists of 290 members elected to a 4-year term. The members are elected by direct and secret ballot. It drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the country's budget. All legislation from the assembly must be reviewed by the Council of Guardians. Candidates for a seat in the Majles require approval by the Council of Guardians.

[మార్చు] The Assembly of Experts

The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week every year, consists of 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics elected by the public to eight-year terms. Like presidential and parliamentary elections, the Council of Guardians determines eligibility to run for a seat in this assembly.

Members of the Assembly of Experts in turn elect the Supreme Leader from within their own ranks and periodically reconfirm him. The assembly has never been known to challenge any of the Supreme Leader's decisions.

[మార్చు] The Council of Guardians

Twelve jurists comprise the Council of Guardians, six of whom are appointed by the Supreme Leader. The head of the judiciary recommends the remaining six, which are officially appointed by Parliament.

The Council of Guardians is vested with the authority to interpret the constitution and determines if the laws passed by Parliament are in line with sharia (Islamic law). Hence the council can exercise veto power over Parliament. If a law passed by Parliament is deemed incompatible with the constitution or sharia, it is referred back to Parliament for revision.

The council also examines presidential and parliamentary candidates to determine their fitness to run for a seat.

[మార్చు] The Expediency Council

Created by Ayatollah Khomeini in 1988, the Expediency Council has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Council of Guardians. Presently, according to the constitution, the Expediency Council serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in the country, at least in name.

[మార్చు] న్యాయ వ్యవస్థ

The head of the judiciary is appointed by the Supreme Leader, who in turn appoints the head of the Supreme Court and the chief public prosecutor.

Public courts deal with civil and criminal cases. There are also revolutionary courts that try certain categories of offenses, including crimes against national security, narcotics smuggling, and acts that undermine the Islamic Republic. Decisions rendered in revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed.

The rulings of the Special Clerical Court, which functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader, are also final and cannot be appealed. The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has also taken on cases involving lay people.

[మార్చు] భౌగోళికము

Map of ఇరాన్

ఇరాన్s landscape is dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaus from one another. The populous western part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Zagros and Alborz Mountains, the latter of which also contains Iran's highest point, the Damavand at 5,607 m. The eastern half consists mostly of uninhabited desert basins with the occasional salt lake.

The only large plains are found along the coast of the Caspian Sea and at the northern end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran borders on the mouth of the Arvand river (Shatt al-Arab). Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz and the Sea of Oman. The ఇరాన్ian climate is mostly arid or semiarid, though subtropical along the Caspian coast. ఇరాన్ is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Humanity".

[మార్చు] ఆర్ధిక వ్యవస్థ

The economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures. The current administration has continued to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and has indicated that it will pursue diversification of ఇరాన్'s oil-reliant economy. ఇరాన్ is attempting to diversify by investing revenues in other areas, including petrochemicals. ఇరాన్ also is hoping to attract billions of dollars worth of foreign investment by creating a more favorable investment climate (i.e., reduced restrictions and duties on imports, creation of free-trade zones).

The Rial is ఇరాన్'s official currency.

ఇరాన్ is OPEC's second largest oil producer and holds 10% of the world's proven oil reserves. It also has the world's second largest natural gas reserves (after Russia). The strong oil market in 1996 helped ease financial pressures on Iran and allowed for Tehran's timely debt service payments. ఇరాన్'s financial situation tightened in 1997 because of lower oil prices. The subsequent rise in oil prices in 1999/2000 afforded Iran fiscal breathing room. ఇరాన్ian budget deficits have been a chronic problem, in part due to large-scale state subsidies -- totaling some $7.25 billion per year -- including foodstuffs and especially gasoline.

The services sector has seen the greatest long-term growth in terms of its share of GDP, but the sector remains volatile. State investment has boosted agriculture, however, with the liberalisation of production and the improvement of packaging and marketing helping to develop new export markets. Large-scale irrigation schemes, together with the wider production of export-based agricultural items such as dates, flowers and pistachios, produced the fastest economic growth of any sector in Iran over much of the 1990s, although successive years of severe drought in 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001 have held back output growth substantially. Agriculture remains one of the largest employers, accounting for 22% of all jobs according to the 1991 census.

[మార్చు] ప్రజలు

ఇరాన్ is a collection of nearly 80 different, yet culturally related, ethnic groups.

The majority of ఇరాన్'s people speak one of the ఇరాన్ian languages, though only Persian is an official language. While the number, percentage, and definition of the different ఇరాన్ian peoples is disputed, the major ethnic groups in Iran are Persians (51%), Azeris (24%), Gilaki and Mazandarani (8%), Kurds (7%), Arabs (3%), Baluchi (2%), Lurs (2%), Turkmens (2%), Qashqais, Armenians, Jews, Assyrians and others.¹

Most ఇరాన్ians are Muslims; 89% belong to the Shia branch of Islam, the official state religion, and about 10% belong to the Sunni branch, which predominates in most Muslim countries. Non-Muslim religious minorities include the Bahá'í Faith, Zoroastrians, as well as Jews and Christians. The latter three are officially recognised minority religions and have reserved seats in parliament. ఇరాన్'s population size increased dramatically in the latter part of the 20th century.

¹ Please note that the numbers are according to 2004 edition of CIA's The World Factbook, which may be more neutral than other sources. Different claims include higher numbers for Persians and a respectively lower numbers for Turkic peoples or a higher number for Turkic speaking peoples. Some people in the first group claim that the CIA statistics are based on guesses made around 1964, while CIA claims that the edition is based on January 2004 information.

[మార్చు] ప్రాంతాలు

ఇరాన్ consists of 30 provinces (ostan-haa, singular form: ostan):

టెహరాన్
Qom
Markazi
Qazvin
Gilan
Ardabil
Zanjan
East Azarbaijan
West Azarbaijan
Kurdistan
Hamadan
Kermanshah
Ilam
Lorestan
Khuzestan

Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari
Kohkiluyeh and Buyer Ahmad
Bushehr
ఫార్స్
Hormozgan
Sistan and Baluchistan
Kerman
Yazd
Esfahan
Semnan
Mazandaran
Golestan
ఉత్తర ఖొరసాన్
Razavi ఖొరసాన్
దక్షిణ ఖొరసాన్

[మార్చు] సంస్కృతి

ఫర్హాంగ్ ("సంస్కృతి") అన్నివేళల పర్షియన్ నాగరికత కేంద్ర బిందువు.

అన్నీ ప్రాచీన నాగరికతల వలెనే, పర్షియన్ నాగరికతకు కూడా సంస్కృతే కేంద్ర బిందువు. ఈ నేల యొక్క కళ, సంగీతం, శిల్పం, కవిత్వం, తత్వం, సాంప్రదాయం మరియు ఆదర్శాలే ప్రపంచ విఫణీలో ఇరానియన్లకు గర్వకారణము. ఇరానీ ప్రజలు తమ నాగరికత ఆటుపోట్లను తట్టుకొని వేల సంవత్సరాల పాటు మనుగడ సాగించడానికి దాని యొక్క సాంస్కృతే ఏకైక ప్రధాన కారణమని భావిస్తారు.

[మార్చు] అధికారిక ప్రభుత్వ లింకులు

The following websites belong to the various branches of government, or are directly operated by the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran:

[మార్చు] బయటి లింకులు

http://www.economy-iran.com News and Economy Portal
Encyclopaedia Iranica
Iranian Cultural & Information Center at Stanford University, California
Iran Travel and Tourism Guide
CIA World Factbook - Iran
Yahoo! News Full Coverage Iran headline links
HavenWorks' Iran News
Directory of Iranian online newspapers
Iran Oil and Gas
Freedom of Expression in Iran - IFEX
List of alleged weapons
The Dismal Reality of Ahlus Sunnah in Iran
Iran, The Persian Gulf - Iran in the Persian Gulf
List of Iranian High Commissions, embassies and consulates around the world.

మూస:Southwest Asia మూస:Middle East

ఆసియా దేశాలు

1. ఐరోపా, ఆసియా - రెండు ఖండాలలోనూ విస్తరించిన దేశం . 2. ఆసియాలో ఉన్నాగానీ, చారిత్రిక, సాంస్కృతిక కారణాలవల్ల ఐరోపాదేశంగా భావిస్తారు. 3. ప్రత్యేక ప్రాంతాలు.

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