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勃艮第公國

维基百科,自由的百科全书

此条目叙述的是历史上的勃艮第公国,关于现在法国的勃艮第大区,请参见条目勃艮第
勃艮第公国第二任公爵和日后法国勃艮第大区的纹章
勃艮第公国第二任公爵和日后法国勃艮第大区的纹章

勃艮第公國法語Bourgogne)由理查德伯爵於9世紀建立﹐包括法國中部和東部一些地區。在腓力二世(大膽者)當政時期(1363年1404年)﹐勃艮第公國的軍事和政治勢力有所擴展﹐亦獲得了佛蘭德﹑阿圖瓦﹑弗朗什孔泰(又稱勃艮第伯國)以及其他地區﹔在腓力三世(好人)當政時期(1419年—1467)﹐又獲得了布洛涅伯爵領地﹑盧森堡以及尼德蘭的一部分和皮卡第。勃艮第公國在查理公爵(大膽者)統治之下(1467年1477年)﹐勢力達到頂峰﹐並與法國爭雄。然而﹐1477年查理公爵在南錫戰役中被瑞士擊敗﹐公國逐漸法國和哈布斯堡王朝瓜分。

当今法国布洛涅行政区大部分地区旧为勃艮第公国属地。

目录

[编辑] 历史

勃艮第人属日尔曼人的一支,他们自罗马帝国分裂后一直统治着帝国的西半边区域。411年, 勃艮第人越过莱茵河并在在德国的Worms建立了自己的王国。历经并夹杂于罗马人和匈奴人(Huns[1])的纷争中, 勃艮第王国最终把版图确定在如今瑞士、法国和意大利的交接处。534年法兰克人打败了勃艮第最后一个国王Godomar,并且把勃艮第纳入自己的领土。

近代的勃艮第成立于法兰克王朝的分解之际。880年代一共有三个勃艮第:

  1. 日内瓦湖附近的上勃艮第王国,
  2. 普羅旺斯的下勃艮第王国,
  3. 还有法国的勃艮第公国。

两个勃艮第王国在937年合二为一,并于1032年成为神圣罗马帝国(Holy Roman Empire)的一部分 under Conrad II,而勃艮第公国则在1004年附属于法国王朝。

中世纪时期,有许多重要的西方教堂在勃艮第的小镇落成,如在Cluny,Citeaux和Vézelay。

英法百年战争期间,King Jean II of France把勃艮第封给自己的小儿子,而不是留给自己的继位者。不久勃艮第公爵以婚姻的形式,成功地把勃艮第公国蜕变成一个从瑞士延伸到北海的帝国,继而成为法国王朝的主要对手。这个新形成的帝国由若干个分布在德意志帝国和法国王朝的交接处的封地组成。Low Countries是它的经济心脏,特别是Flanders和Brabant公国。The court in 第戎 outshone the French court by far both economically and culturally.

15世纪16世纪处,勃艮第 provided a power base for the rise of the Habsburgs, after Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor had married into the ducal family. 1477年最后一位公爵Charles the Bold was killed in battle and 勃艮第由法国接管。 His daughter Mary of Burgundy and her husband Maximillian moved the court to 布鲁塞尔 and ruled the remnants of the empire (the Low Countries and Franche-Comté, then still a 德意志封邑) from there.

[编辑] 葡萄酒

Burgundy produces wines of the same name. The best-known wines come from the Côte d'Or, although also viticulturally part of Burgundy are Beaujolais, Chablis, Côte Chalonnaise, and Mâcon.

The two most important wine regions in France are Bordeaux (on the South West coast, rather arid) and Burgundy (in the East towards Switzerland). Bordeaux wines are strict, weighty, academic, stentorian; Burgundy wines are varied, complex, human, and sophisticatedly homely. Although "Burgundy" means red, the Burgundy region produces both white wines and red wines. In contrast Bordeaux sticks to red wines on the whole.

[编辑] 地理

Highest point: Haut-Folin (901m) in the Morvan.

The Canal of Burgundy joins the Rivers Yonne and Saône, allowing barges to navigate from the north to south of France. Construction began in 1765 and was completed in 1832. At the summit there is a tunnel 3.333 kilometers long in a straight line. The canal is 242 kilometers long, with a total 209 locks and crosses two counties of Burgundy, the Yonne and Cote d'Or. The canal is now mostly used for riverboat tourism; Dijon, the most important city along the canal, has a harbor for leisure boats.

[编辑] 文化

著名的勃艮第菜式包括coq au vin和勃艮第牛肉.

[编辑] 逸事

[编辑] 参见

[编辑] 備注

  1. 匈奴(Xiongnu)究竟是否Huns,学界仍未有定论。

[编辑] 外部连接

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