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阿斯巴甜

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阿斯巴甜的化學構造式
阿斯巴甜的化學構造式

阿斯巴甜是一種非碳水化合物的人工甜味剂。常用於低熱量飲料、餐桌上的甜味剂、維他命嚼錠、口香糖等。阿斯巴甜不適合高溫烹煮,頂多僅能用在咖啡等熱飲,因為它在高溫下會分解而失去甜味。許多糖尿病患者、減肥者使用阿斯巴甜作為糖的代用品。

雖然阿斯巴甜已被證明在食用安全上是無疑的,但是在社會上還是引起廣泛的爭議。阿斯巴甜化學結構中包含了基本胺基酸中的苯丙胺酸(Phenylalanine,縮寫Phe或F),這個結構會讓患有苯酮尿症(phenylketonuria)的病人的健康受到嚴重的傷害。有些研究建議做更深入的探討有關阿斯巴甜和腦瘤、腦損傷以及淋巴癌的產生是否有相關性。 These findings, combined with notable conflicts of interest in the approval process, have engendered vocal activism regarding the legitimate risks of aspartame.

[编辑] 特性與用途

由於阿斯巴甜比一般的糖甜約180倍,又比一般蔗糖含較少的熱量;一克的阿斯巴甜可產生4000(17焦耳)。另外讓人嚐到甜味的最小單位的阿斯巴甜所需的量非常少,少到可以忽略它所含的熱量,因此它也被廣泛地用作蔗糖的代替品。阿斯巴甜的味道和一般蔗糖的味道有所區别;因此它不被某些消費者所喜爱。The taste of aspartame is not identical to that of sugar: aspartame's sweetness has a slower onset and longer duration than sugar's, and some consumers find it unappealing. Blends of aspartame with acesulfame potassium are purported to have a more sugar-like taste, and to be more potent than either sweetener used alone.

Like many other peptides, aspartame may hydrolyze (break down) into its constituent amino acids under conditions of elevated temperature (in the case of aspartame, 86 °C) or high pH. This makes aspartame undesirable as a baking sweetener, and prone to degradation in high-pH products requiring a long shelf life. Aspartame's stability under heating can be improved to some extent by encasing it in fats or in maltodextrin. Aspartame's stability when dissolved in water depends markedly on pH. At room temperature, it is most stable at pH 4.3, where its half-life is nearly 300 days. At pH 7, however, its half-life is only a few days. Most soft-drinks have a pH between 3 and 5, where aspartame is reasonably stable. In products that may require a longer shelf life, such as syrups for fountain beverages, aspartame is sometimes blended with a more stable sweetener, such as saccharin.

In products such as powdered beverages, aspartame's amino group can undergo a Maillard reaction with the aldehyde groups present in certain aroma compounds. The ensuing loss of both flavor and sweetness can be prevented by protecting the aldehyde as an acetal.

[编辑] 發現與認可

阿斯巴甜被發現於 1965年,發現者為 James M. Schlatter。這名化學家在G.D. Searle & Company工作。他在合成製作反潰瘍藥物時,他因各種意外而舔到手指,無意中製作成為阿斯巴甜。 had synthesized aspartame in the course of producing an anti-ulcer drug candidate. He discovered its sweet taste serendipitously when he licked his finger, which had accidentally become contaminated with aspartame.

阿斯巴甜是一種人造甜味劑天冬氨酸 、苯基丙氨酸、甲醇做出來甜味,約是砂糖的約200倍。常溫下,這是白色結晶性的粉末。CAS登記號碼是22839-47-0。
Toumorokoshi所生產。為顯示包括苯基丙氨酸在內的事情也被記作阿斯巴甜/L-苯基丙氨酸化合物。在日本以パルスイート™s名稱銷售。

FDA(美國食品醫藥品局)的審查結果顯示,口服攝取的阿斯巴甜不會大部分接受分解和代謝而是被身體排出。因而可考慮作調料,因在普通的使用量下,急性及慢性毒性的發生的問題不大。所以苯酮尿症甲醇示意的毒性不超過猜測的範圍。

長年過去,阿斯巴甜發售多時,並且正廣泛地普及使用;使用阿斯巴甜的癌症病人更顯注地增加。阿斯巴甜沒列入為致癌物質,劃分為IARC,至於從流行病學方面表示,幾乎沒有發現阿斯巴甜是致癌物質的證據。

阿斯巴甜在1965年美利堅合眾國的薩爾公司被開發。1983年,在日本通過成為食品添加物。[味精]]的開發,在世界各地都有專利。日本消費合作社聯合會從沒對安全性作出擔憂,包括含阿斯巴甜在內的食品,不過,日本在2002年3月決定起加強監管添加物以外的化合物,這或會限制使用阿斯巴甜。

因阿斯巴甜味甜,也成為飲料的主要添加劑,但是有特有的味道。糖精鈉跟阿斯巴甜擁有像糖的甜味。木糖酸等糖酒精也是相同的用途,味道截然不同。

最近,被認定有比阿斯巴甜更像糖的味道的Splenda都也慢慢開始普及。如美國可口可樂的減肥可樂(Diet Coke)是用阿斯巴甜作甜料,但ダイエットコークwithスプレンダ(Diet Coke Sweetened with Splenda)以Splenda作甜料。味道截然不同。

[编辑] 参考文献

  • 渡邊雄二《食品添加物危険度事典KKベストセラーズ1999年
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aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu