Bahia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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| Flag of Bahia | ||
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| See other Brazilian States | ||
| Capital | Salvador | |
| Largest City | Salvador | |
| Area | 564 273 km² | |
| Population - Total - Density |
13 070 250 23.2 inh./km² |
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| Governor | Jacques Wagner(PT) | |
| Demonym | Baiano | |
| HDI (2000) | 0.688 – medium | |
| Timezone | GMT-3 | |
| ISO 3166-2 | BR-BA | |
Bahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil, and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast. It is the fourth most populous Brazilian state after São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, and the fifth-largest in size. It is also the most important state, in terms of history and culture, in Brazil's Northeast Region. Bahia's capital is the city of Salvador, or more properly, São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos, and is located at the junction of the Atlantic Ocean and the Bay of All Saints.
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[edit] Name
Pronunciation IPA: [ba.'i.a] [1] (the H is not pronounced, and the stress is on the second syllable). The name is an archaic spelling of the Portuguese word meaning "bay" and comes from "a baía de Todos os Santos" (All Saints' Bay), first seen by European sailors on November 1 1501, All Saints' Day.
[edit] History
The Portuguese Pedro Álvares Cabral landed at what is now Porto Seguro, on the southern coast of Bahia in 1500, and claimed the territory for Portugal. In 1549, Portugal established the city of Salvador, on a hill facing the Bay of All Saints. The city and surrounding captaincy served as the administrative and religious capital of Portugal's colonies in the Americas until 1763. The Dutch held control of Bahia from May 1624 through April 1625. Charles Darwin visited Bahia in 1832 on his famous Voyage of The Beagle.
The state was also the last area of Brazil to join the independent confederation; Some members in the elite remained loyal to the Portuguese crown after the rest of the country was granted independence. After several battles, mostly in Pirajá, the province was finally able to expel the Portuguese on July 2, 1823, known as Bahia Independence Day, a great popular celebration. In the state there is an ongoing discussion about the exact moment of Brazilian independence, because for almost all "baianos," it really happened in Bahia with the battles, and not on September 7, when the Emperor, Pedro I, declared independence.
Bahia was a center of sugar cultivation from the 16th to the 18th centuries, and contains a number of historical towns, such as Cachoeira, dating from this era. Integral to the sugar economy was the importation of a vast number of African slaves; more than 37% of all slaves taken from Africa were sent to Brazil, mostly to be processed in Bahia before being sent to work in plantations elsewhere in the country.
The oldest Roman Catholic cathedral and the first medical college in the country are located in Bahia's capital, which also has one of the highest percentage of churches of any capital city in Brazil. The Catholic Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia, Geraldo Majella Agnelo, is the Cardinal Primate of Brazil.
Also see wikipedia articles and respective discussions:
[edit] Demographics
According to the IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro da Geografia e Estatística) 2000 Demographic Census, Bahia's population breakdowns are as follow:
Total population: 13,070,250;
- Whites (Branca): 3,067,786 (23%)
- Blacks (Preta): 1,700,531 (13%)
- Asians (Amarela): 23,868 (less than 1%)
- Mixed race (Parda): 8,095,318 (62%)
- Indigenous (Indígena): 60,329 (about .5%)
Bahia has the largest numerical population of self-identified Black residents in Brazil, as well as the one of the highest combined percentages (75%) of Black and mixed-race residents of any Brazilian state.
[edit] Geography
The state's geographical regions comprise the Atlantic Forest or mata atlântica; the recôncavo region radiating from the Bay (the largest in Brazil), the site of sugar and tobacco cultivation; and the planalto, which includes the fabled sertão region of Bahia's far interior.
Bahia is bordered, in counterclockwise fashion, by Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Piauí, and Maranhão to the north, Goiás and Tocantins to the west, and Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to the south.
The São Francisco River, Brazil's second longest river system, runs from the Atlantic Ocean along the state's northern border with Sergipe and Pernambuco down through the planalto into the neighboring southern state of Minas Gerais.
The state has the longest coastline in Brazil; the northern coastline running from Salvador forms the Linha Verde (Green Line).
Bahia contains the longest known cave in the Southern hemisphere, Toca da Boa Vista, which has 84km of mapped passages.
[edit] Economy
Bahia is the main producer and exporter of cacao in Brazil. In addition to important agricultural and industrial sectors, the state also has considerable mineral and petroleum deposits. In recent years, soy cultivation has increased substantially in the state.
- Chemical and Petrochemical
Bahia's Petrochemical Pole is the biggest integrated complex in the Southern Hemisphere, having resulted from R$10 billion in investments, accounting for a third of the State's exports and for nearly half of the industrial production value.
- Mining
Bahia is one of the richest States in minerals in the country, ranking third in the Brazilian mineral production. The State's main products are gold, copper concentrate, magnesite, chromite, rock salt, barite, manganese, ornamental rocks, precious stones, talcum, phosphates, and uranium.
- Automotive
In Bahia, the automotive sector is getting prominence since the implantation of the Northeast Ford Complex in Camaçari (out/2001), turning into one of the most promising sectors of Bahian economy. The enterprise that was originated with the purpose of to generate 5 thousand direct jobs and 55 thousand indirect ones in 2005 has surpassed that expectation by registering 8,500 direct job positions and 85,000 indirect ones.
Nowadays, Bahia produces about 10% out of all vehicles produced in Brazil occupying the third position in the National ranking. Bahian automotive sector lead by Ford was in 2005 the third segment with the largest contribution for the increment (14.6%) of Bahian GDP. It is important to highlight that Bahia had a 4.8% overall increase on the GDP, the double of the national performance, according to The Superintendency of Economic and Social Studies of Bahia (SEI)/Secretariat of Planning and IBGE.
- Other Market Segments:
Agribusiness; Footwear; Call Center; Informatics, Electronics, and Telecommunications; Nautic; Paper and Pulp; Textiles; Plastic Transformation; and Tourism.
Tourism: Bahia's long coastline, beautiful beaches and cultural treasures make it one of Brazil's chief tourist destinations. In addition to the island of Itaparica, the town of Morro de São Paulo across the Bay on the northernmost tip of the southern coastline, and the large number of beaches between Ilhéus and Porto Seguro, on the southeastern coast, the littoral area north of Salvador, stretching towards the border with Sergipe, has become an important tourist destination. The Costa do Sauípe contains one of the largest resort hotel developments in Braziland South America.
[edit] Bahian Culture
As the chief locus of the early Brazilian slave trade, Bahia is considered to possess the greatest and most distinctive African imprint, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil. These include the Yoruba-derived religious system of Candomblé, the martial art of capoeira (especially the style of capoeira de Angola), African-derived music such as samba, afoxé, and axé, and a cuisine with strong links to western Africa.
Bahia is the birthplace of many noted Brazilian artists, writers and musicians. Among the noted musical figures born in the state are Dorival Caymmi; João Gilberto; Gilberto Gil, the country's Minister of Culture; Caetano Veloso and his sister Maria Bethânia (Gil and Veloso being the founders of the Tropicália movement (a native adaptation of the hippie movement) of the late 1960s and early 1970s, which ultimate gained international recognition); Gal Costa; Luis Caldas; Sara Jane; Daniela Mercury; Ivete Sangalo; Carlinhos Brown and Margareth Menezes.
The city of Salvador is also home to internationally famous groups known as "blocos-afros," including Olodum, Ara Ketu, É o Tchan, and Ilê Aiyê. Additionally, groups such as Chiclete com Banana also are based in Bahia. The first well-known rock'n roll singer in Brazil was also from Bahia. Born Raul Seixas, he was known as "Maluco Beleza" or "Peaceful Lunatic" (To be "beleza" in this sense means to be either "in peace" or "high").
During the 19th century, one of Brazil's greatest poets, the Bahian abolitionist poet and playwright Castro Alves, a native of the recôncavo city of Cachoeira, penned his most famous poem, Navio negreiro, about slavery; the poem is considered a masterpiece of Brazilian Romanticism and a central anti-slavery text.
Other notable Bahian writers include Gregório de Matos, who wrote during the 17th century and was one of the first Brazilian writers, and Fr. Antonio Vieira, who during the colonial period was one of many authors who contributed to the expansion of the Portuguese language throughout the Brazilian territory.
The major Brazilian fiction writer of the 20th Century, Jorge Amado, was born in the southeastern Bahian city of Itabuna, and resided for many years in Salvador. His major novels include Gabriela, Cinnamon and Cloves; Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands; and Tieta, the Goat Girl, all of which became internationally renowned films. More recent writers from Bahia include the fiction writers João Ubaldo Ribeiro and Jean Wyllys, winner of Big Brother Brasil 5 in 2005.
In the visual and plastic arts, one of the best known Bahian figures was the multigenre artist and Argentinian native Hector Julio Páride Bernabó, also known as Carybé (1911-1997). Fine examples of his work are visible in the Afro-Brazilian Museum in Salvador.
[edit] Sports
The two most popular soccer teams are Esporte Clube Bahia (Bahia Sport Club) and Esporte Clube Vitoria (Victory Sport Club). The Bahia Sport Clubs already has won two time the national soccer league: 1959 and 1988.
In the sport of boxing, Bahian native Acelino "Popó" Freitas is the current world champion (WBC) in the lightweight class.
[edit] Indigenous Populations
There also are indigenous tribes, such as the Pataxó, who reside on the southern Atlantic coast and in the state's interior, and Tuxá, who reside on the edge of São Francisco River in northern of Bahia.
[edit] Other Important Cities
Beyond the capital, other important cities in the state include: the old island city of Itaparica, on the island of the same name, in the Bay of All Saints; the industrial city of Camaçari in the Salvador region, with the biggest petrochemical pool in Latin America; the reconcôncavo cities of Cachoeira, Santo Amaro, Nazaré, and São Felix; the resort towns of Arembepe and Conde on the north coast; Ilhéus, where Jorge Amado spent his childhood, and nearby Itabuna; the resort town of Morro de São Paulo, in the Valença region; the southern coastal cities of Porto Seguro, now a major tourist destination, Santa Cruz da Cabrália, and Prado; Juazeiro, the twin city of Petrolina in Pernambuco, on the São Francisco River; Feira de Santana; Jequié; Ipiaú; Vitória da Conquista, in the southeast part state; and Lençóis and Palmeiras, in the Chapada Diamantina region.
See also:
- List of municipalities in Bahia (BA), Brazil (all cities and municipalities)
[edit] Famous Bahians/Baianos
'Baianos', as natives and residents of Bahia are popularly called in Brazil, have made extensive contributions to Brazil's history, culture, music, literature, education, science, and technology. Some important contemporary Bahians include:
- Maria Bethânia, singer, sister of Caetano Veloso
- Carlinhos Brown, composer, percussionist, singer, and member of Timbalada and Tribalistas
- Luis Caldas, singer
- Gal Costa, singer
- Elomar Figueira de Mello, composer, and singer
- Dida, internationally acclaimed soccer and goalkeeper
- Acelino "Popó" Freitas, WBC champion
- Gilberto Gil, singer, composer, environmentalist and Brazilian Minister of Culture (2003-); founded the musical movement Tropicália with Caetano Veloso
- João Gilberto, singer and composer, considered with Tom Jobim (Antonio Carlos Jobim) as one of the founders of bossa nova
- Adriana Lima, fashion model and Victoria's Secret Angel
- Goya Lopes, fashion designer
- Margareth Menezes, singer
- Daniela Mercury, singer
- Luiz R. B. Mott, anthropologist, leading gay rights activist, and founder of Grupo Gay da Bahia, the oldest LGBT and human rights groups in Brazil
- Ivete Sangalo, singer
- Pitty, rock/hardcore singer.
- Caetano Veloso, singer, composer, activist, and author, founded the musical movement Tropicália with Gilberto Gil
- Tom Zé (Antônio José Santana Martins), singer-songwriter, member of the Tropicália movement
[edit] External links
- Salvador Bahia
- (Portuguese) Official homepage
- Official Tourism Homepage
- Salvador
- Brazil
- Porto Seguro
- A.T.P. Association Tourism Porto Seguro
- (Portuguese) IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
- Traveller Guide in Bahia
