Yoga

De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă

Şcoli
episod din seria Filozofia Hindu

Samkhya · Yoga
Nyaya · Vaisheshika
Purva Mimamsa · Vedanta
Şcoli Vedanta
Advaita · Vishishtadvaita
Dvaita · Shuddhadvaita
Dvaitadvaita · Achintya Bheda Abheda
Figuri importante
Kapila · Patañjali
Gotama · Kanada
Jaimini · Vyasa
Epoca Medievală
Adi Shankara · Ramanuja
Madhva · Madhusudana
Vedanta Desika · Jayatirtha
Vallabha · Nimbarka
Chaitanya
Epoca Modernă
Ramakrishna · Ramana
Vivekananda · Narayana Guru
N.C. Yati · Coomaraswamy
Aurobindo ·Sivananda
Satyananda · Chinmayananda
Această căsuţă: vizualizare • discuţie • modificare

Yoga (Devanagari: योग) este una din cele 5 şcoli ale Filozofiei Hindu, bazată pe meditaţie ca o cale spre auto-cunoaştere si eliberare. Textele Hindu care stabilesc bazele yoga conţin: Upanishadele, Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Sutra lui Patanjali, Hatha Yoga Pradipika şi multe altele. ^[1]^[2] În India, Yoga este privită ca fiind un mijloc de desăvârşire atât fizică, precum şi spirituală. În afara Indiei, Yoga a început să fie asociată în primul rând cu practicarea aşa-numitelor asana (poziţii) incluse in Hatha Yoga(vezi deasemenea Yoga ca exerciţiu), cu toate că a influenţat intreaga familie de Religii dharmice şi alte practici spirituale din toată lumea. ^[1] Un practicant convins de Yoga este numit yogi, yogin (masculin), sau yogină (feminin).

Yoga, ca o combinare între exerciţii si meditaţie este practicată de mai bine de 5 000 de ani.^[3]

De când a fost scrisă Bhagavad Gita, ramurile principale ale Yoga au fost clasificate astfel: Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga şi Raja Yoga.

Cuprins

1 Istoria Yoga
2 Filozofia Yoga
3 Yoga în alte tradiţii
4 Vezi şi...
- 4.1 Articole cu legătură
- 4.2 Şcoli de Yoga
5 Bibliografie
6 Note
7 Legături externe

[modifică] Istoria Yoga

Informaţii suplimentare: Istoria Yoga

O sculptură păstrata până azi de acum 5,000 de ani de la Civilizaţia de pe Valea Indusului infăţişează o figură care arheologii cred ca este un yogin stând in poziţie de meditaţie.^[4]^[5]^[6] Figura este reprezentată stând intr-o pozitie tradiţională yoga, cu picioarele incrucişsate si mâinile odihnindu-se pe genunchi. Descoperitorul sculpturii, arheologul Sir John Marshall, a denumit figura Shiva Pashupati.^[7]

O sculptură aparţinând civilizaţiei de pe Valea Indusului, înfăţişând o persoana in poziţie de meditaţie.

Prima reeferinţă ramasă in scris la yoga o găsim in Rig Veda, vechimea acesteia fiind estimată a fi in jurul a 3,500 de ani.^[8] Upanishad-ele, (800-100 î.Hr.), Bhagavad Gita (400-100 î.Hr.), şi Yoga Sutra lui Patanjali (200 î.Hr.) deasemenea abordează conceptele şi învăţăturile yoga.

[modifică] Etimologie

În limba sanscrită Format:IAST este o derivare termenului pre-indo-europpean yugam, dintr-o rădăcină yeug- (sanscrită yuj-) insemnînd "a se alătura" sau "a se uni"; înrudit cu latinescul iugum si termenul modern engleyesc yoke.

Termenul este atestat in Rigveda in sensul unui "act de alăturare, ataşament, dedicare", dar si în sensul de "ocupaţie, încercare, performanţă". Un sens spiritual de "exercitare, zel, silinţă" este atestat incă din Mahabharata, şi sensul spiritual sau mistic al "contemplării abstracte, al meditaţiei" apare in egală masură în Mahabharata, ca şi în Upanishade.

[modifică] Bhagavad Gita

Format:Articol sursă The Bhagavad Gita ("Cîntecul Domnului"), deşi a fost scris undeva între anii 400 şi 100 î.Hr., vorbeşte despre patru ramuri ale yoga:

Karma yoga: Yoga acţiunii în lume.
Jnana yoga: Yoga înţelepciunii şi a silinţei intelectuale
Bhakti yoga: Yoga dăruirii către Dumnezeu
Dhyana yoga: Yoga meditaţiei

[modifică] Yoga Sutra lui Patanjali

Format:Articol sursă

Zeul Shiva meditând - statuie.

Yoga Sutra lui Patanjali este o carte care cuprinde 196 de aforisme compilate de înţeleptul Patanjali undeva între 200 î.Hr. şi 300 d.Hr.

Referindu-se la clasificările Bhagavad Gita, yoga lui Patanjali este o formă de Raja yoga, căci caută prin meditaţie calea către scopul ultim. Patanjali însuşi face referire la ea ca "Ashtanga Yoga" ("Yoga cu 8 braţe/ramuri"), de la cei opt paşi pe care el i-a stabilit ca fiind calea practică de a atinge desăvârşirea, iluminarea. Acest concept de "opt braţe" a devenit din acel moment caracteristica principală a yoga Raja, şi este practic o însuşire de bază a oricărei variante de Raja-yoga cunoscute de atunci şi până în zilele noastre. Cele opt ramuri de yoga ale lui Patanjali sunt:

(1) Yama (Cele cinci "abţineri"):violenţă, minciună, furt, sex (ilegal)şi posesiuni

(2) Niyama (Cele cinci "respecturi"): puritate, mulţumire, austerităţi, studiu, şi devotament

(3) Asana: Literar înseamnă "şedere", şi Patanjali foloseşte acest termen pentru a denumi poziţia şezută a corpului în timpul meditaţiei. Mai târziu, odată cu afirmarea Hatha yoga, "asana" a început sa denumească toate poziţiile folosite.

(4) Pranayama ("Controlul Forţei Vieţii"): Controlul prān-ei(prăna), forţa vieţii sau energia vitală.

(5) Pratyahara ("Abstracţia"): Înfrânarea organelor de simţ.

(6) Dharana ("Concentrarea"): Fixarea atenţiei asupra unui singur obiect.

(7) Dhyana ("Meditaţia"): Contemplarea intensă asupra adevaratei esenţe a realităţii.

(8) Samadhi ("Eliberarea"): Starea de iluminare superconştientă (ca opus al subconştientului).

[modifică] Hatha Yoga Pradipika

O practicantă de hatha yoga îndeplinind salutul soarelui.

Hatha Yoga este un sistem aparte de Yoga introdus de Yogi Swatmarama, un yogin înţelept al secolului al XV-lea în India, autorul compilaţiei Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Hatha Yoga este o dezvoltare — dar diferind substanţial de ea — a Raja Yoga a lui Patanjali, în care accentul se pune pe shatkarma, purificarea fizicului, ducând astfel la purificarea minţii (ha) şi prana, sau energia vieţii (tha). ^[9]^[10] În contrast, Raja Yoga, implementată de Patanjali, începe cu o purificare a minţii (yamas) şi a spiritului (niyamas), apoi merge spre corp prin asana (poziiţii ale corpului) şi pranayama (suflare). Hatha yoga conţine substanţiale influenţe tantra, ^[11]^[12] şi marchează primul moment de introducere a chakra şi kundalini în canonul yogin. Comparativ cu asanele lui Patanjali din Raja yoga în poziţia şezând, vazute în general ca mijloace de pregătire pentru meditaţie, se marchează acum dezvoltarea asanelor ca "poziţii" ale întregului corp, precum este şi sensul modern al cuvântului "asana".^[13]

Acest articol este scris parţial sau integral în limba engleză.
Puteţi contribui la Wikipedia prin traducerea lui.

Hatha Yoga, în multele sale variante moderne, este stilul asociat astăzi termenului de "yoga".^[14] Because its emphasis is on the body through asana and pranayama practice, many western students are satisfied with the physical health and vitality it develops and are not interested in the other six limbs of the complete Hatha yoga teaching, or with the even older Raja Yoga tradition it is based on.

[modifică] Filozofia Yoga

In all branches of yoga, the ultimate goal is the attainment of an eternal state of perfect consciousness. Within the monist schools of Advaita Vedanta and Shaivism this perfection takes the form of Moksha, which is a liberation from all worldly suffering and the cycle of birth and death (Samsara) at which point there is a cessation of thought and an experience of blissful union with the Supreme Brahman. For the dualistic bhakti schools of Vaishnavism, bhakti itself is the ultimate goal of the yoga process, wherein perfection culminates in an eternal relationship with Vishnu or one of his associated avatars such as Krishna or Rama.

Common to most forms of yoga is the practice of concentration (dharana) and meditation (dhyana). Dharana, according to Patanjali's definition, is the "binding of consciousness to a single point." The awareness is concentrated on a fine point of sensation (such as that of the breath entering and leaving the nostrils). Sustained single-pointed concentration gradually leads to meditation (dhyana), in which the inner faculties are able to expand and merge with something vast. Meditators sometimes report feelings of peace, joy, and oneness.

The focus of meditation may differ from school to school, e.g. meditation on one of the chakras, such as the heart center (anahata) or the 'third eye' (ajna); or meditation on a particular deity, such as Krishna; or on a quality like peace. Non-dualist schools such as Advaita Vedanta may stress meditation on the Supreme with no form or qualities (Nirguna Brahman). This is in many ways analogous to Buddhist meditation on Emptiness.

[modifică] Yoga în alte tradiţii

The goals of yoga are expressed differently in different traditions. In Hinduism, with its variegated viewpoints and sects, Self-Realization and God-Realization are used interchangeably, with the underlying belief that the true nature of self (truth, consciousness, and bliss), revealed through the practice of yoga, has the same nature as the universal self, which may or may not be identified with a 'creator God' depending on the philosophical standpoint of the practitioner. In Buddhism, which does not postulate a creator-type god, yoga may help people deepen their wisdom, compassion, and insight. In Western nations, where there is a strong emphasis on individualism, yoga practice may be an extension of the search for meaning in self, and integration of the different aspects of being.

A sculpture of a Hindu yogi in the Birla Mandir, Delhi

For the average person still far from enlightenment, yoga can be a way of increasing one's spiritual awareness, or cultivating compassion and insight. While the history of yoga strongly connects it with Hinduism, some proponents claim that yoga is not a religion itself, but contains practical steps which can be found in the esoteric spiritual practices of all religions, as well as those who do not consider themselves religious.

[modifică] Yoga şi Sufismul

Called Movazeneh in Persian, Movazeneh is the Sufi art of balancing and harmonizing the body. It is unique to the Maktab Tarighat Oveyssi Shahmaghsoudi (School of Islamic Sufism), developed by the present Sufi master of the school, Salaheddin Ali Nader Shah Angha. The practice of Movazeneh focuses the awareness of the practitioner on one single point. Through concentrated movements this awareness is expanded from that single point to the entire body, allowing the person to experience the present moment. While practicing Movazeneh, one experiences the simultaneous monitoring and awareness of all the physiological, psychological, and electromagnetic activities that are taking place in each moment of the movements.

[modifică] Yoga şi Budismul

The influence of Yoga pervades the whole of Buddhism. ^[15] In relation to views of the Self, yoga's asmita-samapatti is designed to eradicate wrong views of the Self much as Buddha did in Anatta-lakkhana-sutta. Of particular interest is a comparison of the Buddhist eight-fold path and the eight limbs of Patanjali's Yoga. Their moral precepts (the sila of Buddhism, the yama and niyama of yoga) share the Hindu principle of non-violence (ahimsa); their final steps closely relate^[16]; ultimately their steps lead to an indistinguishable goal - the cessation of mental fluctuations, citta vritti nirodha.

[modifică] Budismul Yogacara

In addition Yogācāra (Sanskrit: "yoga practice"), also spelled yogāchāra, is an influential school of philosophy and psychology that developed in Indian Mahayana Buddhism starting sometime in the fourth to fifth centuries C.E., also commonly known as Consciousness-only.

[modifică] Zen Budismul

Zen is a form of Mahayana Buddhism. The Mahayana school of Buddhism is noted for its proximity with Yoga. ^[15] In the west, Zen is often set alongside Yoga, the two schools of meditation display obvious family resemblances. ^[17] The melding of Yoga with Buddhism -- a process that continued through the centuries-- represents a landmark on the path of Yoga through the history of India. This phenomenon merits special attention since the Zen Buddhist school of meditation has it's root's in yogic practices. ^[18] Certain essential elements of Yoga are important both for Buddhism in general and for Zen in particular. ^[1]

Imagine:Yogini 10th century.jpg

A 10th century sculpture of a Yogini from the Smithsonian Institute

[modifică] Budismul Tibetan

Yoga is central to Tibetan Buddhism. In the Nyingma tradition, practicioners progress to increasingly profound levels of yoga, starting with Mahā yoga, continuing to Anu yoga and ultimately undertaking the highest practice, Ati yoga. In the Sarma traditions, the Anuttara yoga class is equivalent. Other tantra yoga practices include a system of 108 bodily postures practiced with breath and heart rhythm timing in movement exercises is known as Trul khor or union of moon and sun (channel) prajna energies, and the body postures of Tibetan ancient yogis are depicted on the walls of the Dalai Lama's summer temple of Lukhang.

[modifică] Yoga şi Tantra

Pentru detalii, vedeţi articolul Tantravedeţi articolele [[{{{2}}}]] şi [[{{{3}}}]]vedeţi articolele [[{{{4}}}]], [[{{{5}}}]] şi [[{{{6}}}]]vedeţi articolele [[{{{7}}}]], [[{{{8}}}]], [[{{{9}}}]] şi [[{{{10}}}]].

Yoga and Tantra have influenced one another over time. They are both families of spiritual texts, practices, and lineages with origins in the Indian subcontinent and both have been popularized in the West.^[19]^[20]

Tantra has roots in the first millennium, and incorporates Shiva and Shakti worship. It focuses on the kundalini, a three and a half-coiled 'snake' of spiritual energy at the base of the spine that rises through chakras until union ('samadhi') between Shiva and Shakti is ultimately achieved.^[21] These concepts were formally introduced into yoga with the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, and because of the subsequent popularity of Hatha Yoga, many Hindu and western yoga teachers now accept these essentially tantric concepts within the yogic philosophy, and this is the most obvious major intersection between tantra and yoga today. The acceptance of tantric kundalini teachings into modern yoga was reinforced by the New Age movement which accompanied (and simultaneously reinforced) the rise of popularity of yoga in the West.^[13]

The actual method of Tantra is quite different to traditional Raja Yoga. It emphasises mantra (Sanskrit prayers, often to gods, that are repeated), yantra (complex symbols and archetypal geometric pattering or sacred geometry housing deity, manifesting in a plethora of forms with a discernable syntactic pattern), and rituals that range from simple murti (a statue housing a deity) or image worship to meditation on a corpse or of coitus in a charnel ground - which is challenging for some, but simply an active meditation with the intention to resolve the perceived duality of the creative and destructive universal principle.

[modifică] Vezi şi...

[modifică] Articole cu legătură

Format:Col-4

Chakra
Five Tibetan Rites
Hesychasm
Hindu Philosophy
Hinduism

Hindu idealism
Holistic living
Kundalini
Meditation
Prana

Pranayama
Self-realization
Seven stages
Spirituality
Tummo

Yogi
Yogini
Yoga piracy
Yoga as exercise
Yoga (alternative medicine)

[modifică] Şcoli de Yoga