カーダール・ヤーノシュ
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
カーダール・ヤーノシュ（János Kádár, né Giovanni Csermanek, 1912年5月26日 - 1989年7月6日）は、ハンガリー社会主義労働者党の指導者（1956年-1988年）で、ハンガリーの首相を2期（1956年-58年、1961年-65年）務めた。（his Italian first name was due to the laws of Fiume, his father denied paternity and refused to support his mother Borbála[1]）
目次 |
[編集] 生い立ち
カーダールは、当時のオーストリア・ハンガリー帝国領フィウーメ（現在のクロアチア領リエカ）で生まれ、6歳までは里親のもとで暮らし、その後母親と再会し、14歳まで学校に通った。彼はタイプライター整備工として奉公に出、17歳で労働組合の若手グループに参加し、1931年に非合法のハンガリー共産党に入党し、その後、不法な政治活動のため数回逮捕された。1933年、彼は2年の実刑判決を受けた[1][2]。
第二次世界大戦時、カーダールはチェコスロバキアのレジスタンスとともに戦った。
1946年、彼はハンガリー共産党の副書記長に選出された。1949年、彼はライク・ラースローの後任として、内相となった。ライクは、共産党指導者ラーコシ・マーチャーシュにより外相に任命されたが、このとき彼は既に「見せ物裁判」の主要な被告として、秘密裏に選ばれていた。この裁判は、ソ連のスターリンにより始められた見せ物裁判に似せて、ハンガリーのラーコシが企てたものであった。ライクおよび「彼のスパイ網」はユーゴスラビア大統領のチトー元帥と共謀した廉で起訴され、そして処刑された。マキャベリ的陰謀の中、彼自身を見せ物裁判に巻き込むために、カーダールは内相に任命された。しかしながら、捜査を担当するハンガリー国家保安局（ÁVH）は、ラーコシから直接に命令されていた。一年後、カーダール自身が冤罪で、見せ物裁判の生贄となり、そして終身刑を宣告された。1953年にナジ・イムレが首相に任命され、続いてスターリンが死去した後、1954年に彼は釈放された。
Kádár accepted the offer to act as party secretary in the heavily industrialised 13th district of Budapest. He rose to prominence quickly, building up a large following amongst workers who demanded increased freedom for trade unions.
[編集] 1956年のハンガリー動乱における役割
ナジは自由化プロセスを開始し、新聞・出版への国家統制を廃止し、多くの政治犯を釈放し、ワルシャワ条約機構からハンガリーを脱退させたい旨を表明した。彼は連立政権を樹立した。 Although the Soviet leaders issued a statement that they strived to establish a new relationship with Hungary on the basis of mutual respect and equality, in the first days of November, the ソ連共産党幹部会 took a decision to crush the revolution by force.
この間に、ハンガリー勤労者党（共産党）は解党を決議し、ハンガリー社会主義労働者党の名前で党を再編した。カーダールは書記長に選出された。彼はまた、国務相としてナジ・イムレ政府の一員でもあった。 On the 1st of November, Kádár was abducted by the Soviet Embassy in Budapest and taken to Moscow where the Soviet leaders tried to convince him that a "counter-revolution" was unfolding in Hungary that must be put to an end at any cost. He first resisted the pressure and argued that the Nagy government did not wish to abolish the Socialist system. He yielded to the pressure only when the Soviet leaders informed him that the decision had already been taken to crush the revolution with the help of the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary and that the old Communist leadership would be sent back to Hungary, were he not willing to assume the post of Prime Minister in the new government. The Soviet tanks moved into Budapest to crush the revolution at dawn November 4. 同日、カーダールを長とした、所謂「臨時労農革命政府」（Provisional Revolutionary Government of Workers and Peasants）の樹立宣言がソルノクから放送された。
He announced a "Fifteen Point Programme" for this new government:
- To secure Hungary's national independence and sovereignty
- To protect the people's democratic and socialist system from all attacks
- To end fratricidal fighting and to restore order
- To establish close fraternal relations with other socialist countries on the basis of complete equality and non-interference
- To cooperate peacefully with all nations irrespective of form of government
- To quickly and substantially raise the standard of living for all in Hungary
- Modification of the Five Year Plan, to allow for this increase in the standard of living
- Elimination of bureaucracy and the broadening of democracy, in the workers' interest
- On the basis of the broadened democracy, management by the workers must be implemented in factories and enterprises
- To develop agricultural production, abolish compulsory deliveries and grant assistance to individual farmers
- To guarantee democratic elections in the already existing administrative bodies and Revolutionary Councils
- Support for artisans and retail trade
- Development of Hungarian culture in the spirit of Hungary's progressive traditions
- The Hungarian Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government, acting in the interest of our people, requested the Red Army to help our nation smash the sinister forces of reaction and restore order and calm in Hungary
- To negotiate with the forces of the Warsaw Pact on the withdrawal of troops from Hungary following the end of the crisis
Kádár also added that "anyone not against us is with us", and that "ordinary people could go about their business without fear of molestation or even much surveillance and could speak, read, and even write with reasonable freedom". This is in notable contrast to the reign of Stalinist dictator Rákosi, who treated anyone who was not a follower as an enemy.
The 15th point was withdrawn after pressure from the Warsaw Pact that a 200,000 strong Soviet detachment be garrisoned in Hungary. This development allowed Kádár to divert huge defence funds to welfare.
Nagy, along with Georg Lukács, Géza Losonczy and László Rajk's widow, Julia, fled to the Yugoslav Embassy. Kádár promised them safe return home at their request but failed to keep this promise as the Soviet party leaders decided that Imre Nagy and the other members of the government who had sought asylum at the Yugoslav Embassy should be deported to Romania. Later on, a trial began to establish the responsibility of the Imre Nagy Government in the 1956 events. Although it was adjurned several times, the defendants were eventually convicted of treason and attempting to overthrow the "democratic state order". Imre Nagy, Pál Maléter and Miklós Gimes were sentenced to death and executed for these crimes on June 16, 1958. Geza Losonczy and Attila Szigethy both died in prison under suspicious circumstances during the court proceedings.
[編集] カーダール時代
Though influenced strongly by the Soviet Union, Kádár sometimes enacted policy slightly contrary to that of the Soviet Union, for example, allowing considerably large private plots for farmers of collective farms. Yet, Hungary was unable to back out of self-damaging events like the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia or the 1973 economic reversal which aligned Hungary with Leonid Brezhnev's stagnating USSR.
As a result of the relatively high standard of living, and more relaxed travel restrictions than that of other Eastern Bloc countries, Hungary was one of the best places to live in Eastern Europe during the Cold War (See also Goulash Communism for a discussion of the Hungarian variety of socialism.) Many Hungarians are nostalgic about the Kádár era, due to the dramatic fall in living standards caused by the adjustments to a capitalist economy in the 1990s. This point of view has been expressed by Gyula Horn, a former communist politician elected Prime Minister in 1994.
During Kádár's rule, tourism increased dramatically, with many tourists from Canada, the USA, and Western Europe bringing much needed money into Hungary. Hungary built strong relations with developing countries and many foreign students arrived. The "Holy Crown" (referred to in the media as the "Hungarian Crown", so as to prevent it carrying a political symbolism of the Horthy regime) and regalia of Hungarian kings was returned to Budapest by the United States in 1978.
Kádár was known for his simple and modest lifestyle and had a strong aversion against corruption or ill-doing.[要出典] He was a convinced Communist who retained his beliefs throughout his life.
カーダール・ヤーノシュは国際レーニン平和賞を受賞した（1975年-76年）。彼はまた、1964年4月3日にソ連邦英雄の称号を授与された[3]。
[編集] 罷免と死
János Kádár held power in Hungary until 1988, when he resigned as General Secretary mainly due to mounting economic difficulties and his own ill-health. At a party conference in May 1988, he was replaced as General Secretary by Prime Minister Károly Grósz who strove to continue Kádár's policies in a modified and adjusted form adapted to the new circumstances. Kádár was named instead to the rather ceremonial position of Party President. In early 1989, as Grósz and his associates in turn were being sidelined by a faction of "radical reformers" who set out to dismantle the socialist system, Kádár, now visibly senile, was removed completely from political office, dying not long afterwards.
Kádár was generally known as one of the more moderate East European Communist leaders, although he nevertheless supported the Warsaw Pact suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968, and the Hungarian secret police nonetheless kept many Hungarians living in a state of fear, and arrested more than 10,000 people.
[編集] 出典
- ^ a b Kádár's Shadow Tibor Hajdu, The Hungarian Quarterly, VOLUME XLII, No. 164, Winter 2001
- ^ János Kádár rev.hu, The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution
- ^ Biography at the website on Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia （ロシア語）
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
