波苏战争
维基百科，自由的百科全书
| 波苏战争 | |||||||||||
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 战后国界图 |
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| 參戰方 | |||||||||||
 俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国 乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国 |
 波兰第二共和国 乌克兰人民共和国 |
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| 指揮官 | |||||||||||
| 米哈伊尔·图哈切夫斯基 谢苗·布琼尼 |
约瑟夫·毕苏茨基 爱德华·雷兹-希米格维 |
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| 兵力 | |||||||||||
| 950,000名士兵 5,000,000 reserves |
360,000名士兵 738,000 reserves |
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| 傷亡 | |||||||||||
| 约100,000–150,000人 | 约60,000人 | ||||||||||
波苏战争（1919年2月 – 1921年3月）是第一次世界大战结束后，在苏联与波兰第二共和国这2个新成立的政权之间进行的一场战争。战争是由于两国进行扩张的尝试互相冲突而引起。波兰自从18世纪末被凡尔赛条约瓜分波兰以来刚刚恢复独立，寻求保住这些曾经在瓜分时失去的领土；苏联的目标是控制同样的领土，那些地方曾经是俄罗斯帝国的一部分，直到第一次世界大战才失去。两国都声称自己获胜[1]。在这场战争中，波兰人声称成功的保卫了自己的国家，而苏联则声称波兰的向东侵入乌克兰和白俄罗斯被击退，认为那是协约国武装干涉苏俄国内战争的一部分。
波兰与苏联的边界在凡尔赛条约中并未加以详细说明，战后的骚乱事件：1917年俄国革命；俄罗斯帝国、德意志帝国和奥匈帝国崩溃；俄国内战；同盟国从东部阵线撤退；乌克兰和白俄罗斯独立的尝试。波兰的国家元首约瑟夫·毕苏斯基认为这是波兰向东拓展疆土的有利时机，计划通过联合中东欧其余国家建立一个波兰化的联盟(Międzymorze），作为对付德国和俄国帝国主义再度出现这一潜在威胁的防波堤。弗拉基米尔·列宁则认为波兰可以作为红军的桥梁，通过它便于支援其他共产党运动，并在欧洲其他地方制造革命。
1919年，波兰军队控制了西乌克兰的大部分，在波乌战争中取得胜利，在波兰人和乌克兰人都提出要求的版图上建立一个乌克兰国家西乌克兰人民共和国的尝试未能成功。同时，布尔什维克在内战中取得优势，并向西进攻有争议的领土。1919年末，形成了一条清初的阵线。边境小型冲突逐步升级，1920年4月，毕苏斯基的向东攻入乌克兰，开始了公开的战争。几乎同时，红军已经开始反攻，最初的反攻非常成功。苏联一路将波兰军队赶到波兰首都华沙。这时，西方国家担心苏联军队抵达德国边境，西方大国的兴趣增加对战争。在仲夏，华沙看来必然将要陷落，但在8月中旬局势再次倒转，波兰军队在华沙战役中取得了意外的、决定性的胜利。仿效波兰人向东前进，苏联提出求和，1920年10月，双方停火。1921年3月18日签订了正式的和平条约--里加条约，划分了波兰和苏联之间有争议的边界。这次战争在很大程度上决定了两次世界大战之间波苏边界。
目录 |
[编辑] 名称与日期
这场战争有好几个名称，其中波苏战争是最常见的一个。
Other points of contention are the starting and ending dates of the war. For example, Encyclopedia Britannica begins its article with the date (1919-1920), but then says "Although there had been hostilities between the two countries during 1919, the conflict began when the Polish head of state Józef Pilsudski formed an alliance with the Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petlyura (April 21, 1920) and their combined forces began to overrun Ukraine, occupying Kiev on May 7."[2] while the Polish Internetowa encyklopedia PWN[3] as well as some historians—like Norman Davies[4]—consider 1919 as the starting year of the war. The ending date is given as either 1920 or 1921; this confusion stems from the fact that while the ceasefire was put in force in fall 1920, the official treaty ending the war was signed months later, in 1921.
While the events of 1919 can be described as a border conflict and only in early 1920 did both sides realize that they were in fact engaged in an all-out war,[4] the conflicts that took place in 1919 are closely related to the war that began in earnest a year later.[4] In the end, the events of 1920 were only a logical, though unforeseen, consequence of the 1919 prelude.[4] -->
[编辑] 序幕
第一次世界大战以后，中欧和东欧的地图被彻底改变了。[5] 德国的战败，使它放弃了建立东欧傀儡国家 (中欧)的计划 [6] 而随着1917年俄国革命和俄国内战，俄罗斯帝国迅速崩溃[7] 这一地区许多民族发现这是一个争取独立的绝佳机会，不准备放弃这样的好运。[5] 俄国的许多省份发生叛乱，俄国的安全面临生死攸关。[8] 但未位能立刻采取行动。[7]
随着1918年大波兰起义的成功，波兰自从1795年瓜分波兰以来首次恢复了国家地位，被3个毗邻的帝国——俄罗斯、德国和奥匈帝国统治了123年的历史宣告结束。新成立的波兰第二共和国，准备开拓被瓜分以前的领土。
波兰并非单独面对这些新近遇到的机会（同时也是麻烦）。事实上所有新独立的国家都开始了边境的对抗：罗马尼亚与匈牙利为特兰西瓦尼亚对抗，南斯拉夫与意大利为阜姆对抗，波兰与捷克斯洛伐克为Cieszyn/Těšín对抗，波兰与德国为波兹南对抗，与乌克兰为东加里西亚对抗。 乌克兰、白俄罗斯、立陶宛、爱沙尼亚和拉脱维亚都与刚分裂的俄国对抗，同时也互相对抗。[9] 共产党的影响扩散开来，在慕尼黑、柏林、布达佩斯和Prešov都发生了共产党革命。温斯顿·丘吉尔评论说：“巨人们的战争已经结束了，侏儒们的战争才刚刚开始。”[10] 不过，除了波苏战争这个唯一的例外，所有这些交战都只是为时短暂的边境冲突。
波苏战争
1919年末，俄国共产党新政府的领袖弗拉基米尔·列宁从红军在与白俄反共军队及其西方盟友的内战中获胜得到灵感，开始更为乐观地预言未来的革命形势。布尔什维克宣布需要实行无产阶级专政，并鼓动全世界进行共产革命。他们公开宣布俄国革命的下一环将是预期的德国革命[8] ，并援助西欧其他国家的共产主义运动，显然，波兰在地理上是红军西进的桥梁。[11][8]列宁的目标是想要恢复对Brest-Litovsk 条约中丧失领土的控制，渗透进边境地区，然后在波兰也建立一个苏维埃政府，并延伸到德国，他预期一场社会主义革命将在那里爆发。[8] 他相信没有一个社会主义的德国的支援，苏俄不可能生存下来。[8] 1919年夏末苏俄设法接管了大半个乌克兰，在基辅控制了乌克兰政府。1919年初，他们还建立了一个立陶宛-白俄罗斯共和国 (Litbel)。这个政府非常不受欢迎，因为他的恐怖和为军队强征食物和货物。[8] 它没有等到基辅攻势就已经被击退了。不过，一些苏俄领导人希望战争成为革命向西传播的机会。[8][12] 当然，布尔什维克声明说：
“但我们的敌人欺骗你们说，俄国苏维埃政府想用俄国红军的刺刀将共产主义种植进波兰土壤。这对共产党人是不可能的，我们只有等那里绝大多数的劳动人民自觉接受思想，用自己的力量去达成。只有到那时才会巩固；只有那时共产党方针才深深地在一个国家扎根。俄国共产党人现在正在只是努力保卫自己的国土，建设自己的国家；他们没有努力，也不会努力，用武力去在其他国家传播共产主义。” [13]
在波苏战争爆发之前，波兰的政治深受国家元首约瑟夫·毕苏斯基的影响
[编辑] 进程
[编辑] 1919
[编辑] 东欧的混乱
[编辑] 第一次波苏冲突
[编辑] 外交阵线，第一部分：联盟
1919年，各种波兰和俄国派系进行了几次不成功的和平谈判的努力[3]同时，由于波兰政治家难以接受立陶宛的独立与领土要求，特别是要放弃维尔纽斯（立陶宛历史上的京城，但波兰人占多数），波兰与立陶宛关系恶化，波兰谈判代表与拉脱维亚临时政府推进关系，在1919年末、1920年初，波兰和拉脱维亚军队进行了对抗俄国的联合行动（Zima行动）。[14]
[编辑] 1920年
[编辑] Opposing forces
By early 1920, the Soviet forces had been very successful against the White armies.[15] They defeated Denikin and signed peace treaties with Latvia and Estonia. The Polish front became their most important war theater and the majority of Soviet resources and forces were diverted to it. In January 1920, the Red Army began concentrating a 700,000-strong force near the Berezina River and on Belarus.[16] In the course of 1920, almost 800,000[17] Red Army personnel were sent to fight in the Polish war, of whom 402,000[17] went to the Western front and 355,000[17] to the armies of the South-West front in Galicia. The Soviets had many military depots at their disposal, left by withdrawing German armies in 1918-19, and modern French armaments captured in great numbers from the White Russians and the Allied expeditionary forces in the Russian Civil War. Still, they suffered a shortage of arms; both the Red Army and the Polish forces were grossly underequipped by the Western standards.[18]
Bolshevik commanders in the Red Army's coming offensive would include Mikhail Tukhachevsky (new commander of the Western Front), Leon Trotsky, the future Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin, and the future founder of the Cheka secret police, Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky.
The Polish Army was made up of soldiers who had formerly served in the various partitioning empires, supported by some international volunteers, such as the Kościuszko Squadron.[19] Boris Savinkov was at the head of an army of 20,000 to 30,000 largely Russian POWs, and was accompanied by Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Zinaida Gippius. The Polish forces grew from approximately 100,000 in 1918 to over 500,000 in early 1920.[20]
Logistics were very bad,[18] supported by whatever equipment was left over from World War I or could be captured. The Polish Army employed guns made in five countries, and rifles manufactured in six, each using different ammunition.
The Soviet High Command planned a new offensive in late April/May. Since March 1919, Polish intelligence was aware that the Soviets had prepared for a new offensive and the Polish High Command decided to launch their own offensive before their opponents.[8][16] The plan for Operation Kiev was to beat the Red Army on Poland's southern flank and install a Polish-friendly Petlura government in Ukraine.[8]
[编辑] 趋势转变：Operation 基辅
Until April, the Polish forces had been slowly but steadily advancing eastward. The new Latvian government requested and obtained Polish help in capturing Daugavpils. The city fell after heavy fighting in January and was handed over to the Latvians, who viewed the Poles as liberators.[14] By March, Polish forces had driven a wedge between Soviet forces to the north (Byelorussia) and south (Ukraine).
On April 24, Poland began its main offensive, Operation Kiev. Its goal was the creation of independent Ukraine[8] that would become part of Piłsudski's project of a "Międzymorze" Federation.
[编辑] 苏联胜利的String
[编辑] 外交阵线, Part 2: 政治游戏
波兰的盟国很少
[编辑] 趋势转变：维斯瓦河的奇迹
[编辑] 结束
华沙战役后不久，布尔什维克
[编辑] 后果
- 更多資料：[[Controversies of the Polish-Soviet War]]
[编辑] 战役列表
For a chronological list of important battles of the Polish-Soviet War, see List of battles of the Polish-Soviet War.
[编辑] 注释
- ^ 1.0 1.1 The question of victory is not universally agreed on. Russian and Polish historians tend to assign victory to their respective countries. Outside assessments vary, mostly between calling the result a Polish victory and inconclusive. Lenin in his secret report to the 9th Conference of the Bolshevik Party on September 20, 1920, called the outcome of the war "In a word, a gigantic, unheard-of defeat" (see The Unknown Lenin, ed. Richard Pipes, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-06919-7 Document 59, Google Print, p. 106).
- ↑
- ^ 3.0 3.1
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Davies, Norman, White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20, Pimlico, 2003, ISBN 0-7126-0694-7. (First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.) Page 22
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Thomas Grant Fraser, Seamus Dunn, Otto von Habsburg, Europe and Ethnicity: the First World War and contemporary ethnic conflict, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-11995-2, Google Print, p.2
- ↑ Geoffrey Jukes, Peter Simkins, Michael Hickey, The First World War, Osprey Publishing, 2002, 184176342X, Google Print, p.84, p.85
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Erik Goldstein, Wars and Peace Treaties, Routledge, 1992, ISBN 0-415-07822-9, Google Print, p.51
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 THE REBIRTH OF POLAND. University of Kansas, lecture notes by professor Anna M. Cienciala, 2004. Last accessed on 2 June 2006.
- ↑ Davies, Norman, White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20, Pimlico, 2003, ISBN 0-7126-0694-7. (First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.) Page 21.
- ↑ Adrian Hyde-Price, Germany and European Order, Manchester University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7190-5428-1 Google Print, p.75
- ↑ Davies, Norman, White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20, Pimlico, 2003, ISBN 0-7126-0694-7. (First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.) Page 29
- ↑ Ronald Grigor Suny, The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-508105-6, Google Print, p.106
- ↑ EH Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, volume 3, p.165, London
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Daniel Kochan, Łotewski sojusznik. Last accessed on 25 October 2006.
- ↑
- ^ 16.0 16.1
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Davies, Norman, White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20, Pimlico, 2003, ISBN 0-7126-0694-7. (First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.) Page 142
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Davies, Norman, White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20, Pimlico, 2003, ISBN 0-7126-0694-7. (First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.) Page 85
- ↑ Janusz Cisek, Kosciuszko, We Are Here: American Pilots of the Kosciuszko Squadron in Defense of Poland, 1919-1921, McFarland & Company, 2002, ISBN 0-7864-1240-2, Google Print
- ↑
[编辑] 参考书目
[编辑] 英语
- D'Abernon, Edgar Vincent, The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World: Warsaw, 1920, Hyperion Press, 1977, ISBN 0-88355-429-1.
- Babel, Isaac, Конармия (original 1926), Red Cavalry , W. W. Norton & Company, 2003, ISBN 0-393-32423-0
- Biskupski, M.B., "Paderewski, Polish Politics, and the Battle of Warsaw, 1920," Slavic Review, vol. 46, no. 3/4 (autumn–winter, 1987), pp. 503-512.
- Fiddick, Thomas C., "The 'Miracle of the Vistula': Soviet Policy versus Red Army Strategy," The Journal of Modern History, vol. 45, no. 4 (Dec., 1973), pp. 626-643.
- Thomas C. Fiddick, Russia's Retreat from Poland, 1920, Macmillian Press, 1990, ISBN 0-333-51940-X
- Himmer, Robert, "Soviet Policy Toward Germany during the Russo-Polish War, 1920," Slavic Review, vol. 35, no. 4 (Dec., 1976), p. 667.
- Jędrzejewicz, Wacław, Pilsudski: a Life for Poland, Hippocrene Books, 1982, ISBN 0-88254-633-3
- Kahn, David, The Code-Breakers, New York, Macmillan, 1967.
- Keenan, Jeremy, The Pole: the Heroic Life of Jozef Pilsudski, Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd, 2004, ISBN 0-7156-3210-8.
- Palij, Michael, The Ukrainian-Polish Defesnive Alliance, 1919-1921, University of Toronto, 1995, ISBN 1-895571-05-7
- Wandycz, Piotr, "General Weygand and the Battle of Warsaw," Journal of Central European Affairs," 1960.
- Watt, Richard M., Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918-1939, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1998, ISBN 0-7818-0673-9.
[编辑] 波兰语
- Cisek, Janusz, Sąsiedzi wobec wojny 1920 roku. Wybór dokumentów. (Neighbours Attitude Towards the War of 1920. A collection of documents. - English summary), Polish Cultural Foundation Ltd, 1990, London, ISBN 0-85065-212-X.
- Czubiński, Antoni, Walka o granice wschodnie Polski w latach 1918-1921 (Fighting for eastern borders of Poland in 1918-1921), Instytut Śląski w Opolu, Opole, 1993
- Drozdzowski, Marian Marek (ed.), Międzynarodowe aspekty wojny polsko-bolszewickiej, 1919-1920. Antologia tekstów historycznych (International aspects of the Polish-Bolshevik War,1919-1920. Anthology of historical texts.'), Instytut Historii PAN, 1996, ISBN 83-86417-21-8
- Golegiewski, Grzegorz, Obrona Płocka przed bolszewikami, 18-19 sierpnia 1920 r. (Defence of Płock from the Bolsheviks, 18-19 August, 1920), NOVUM, 2004, ISBN 83-89416-43-3
- Kawalec Tadeusz, Historia IV-ej Dywizji Strzelców Generała Żeligowskiego w zarysie (History of 4th Rifleman Division of General Żeligowki in brief), Gryf, 1993, Template:OCLC.
- Konieczny, Bronisław, Moje życie w mundurze. Czasy narodzin i upadku II RP (My life in the uniform. Times of the birth and fall of the Second Polish Republic), Księgarnia Akademicka, 2005 ISBN 83-7188-693-4
- Kopański, Tomasz Jan, 16 (39-a) Eskadra Wywiadowcza 1919-1920 (16th (39th) Scouting Escadrille 1919-1920), Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny, 1994, ISBN 83-901733-5-2
- Kukiel, Marian, Moja wojaczka na Ukrainie. Wiosna 1920 (My fighting in Ukraine. Spring 1920), Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny, 1995, ISBN 83-85621-74-1
- Łukowski, Grzegorz, Walka Rzeczpospolitej o kresy północno-wschodnie, 1918-1920. Polityka i dzialania militarne. (Rzeczpospolita's fight for the northeastern borderlands, 1918-1920. Politics and military actions.), Wydawnictwo Naukowe Universytetu Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań, 1994, ISBN 83-232-0614-7
- Pruszyński, Mieczysław, Dramat Piłsudskiego: Wojna 1920 (The drama of Piłsudski: War of 1920), Polska Oficyna Wydawnicza BGW, 1995, ISBN 83-7066-560-8
- Odziemkowski, Janusz, Leksykon Wojny Polsko-Rosyjskiej 1919-1920 (Lexicon of Polish-Russian War 1919-1920), Rytm, 2004, ISBN 83-7399-096-8
- Rozstworowski, Stanisław (ed.), Listy z wojny polsko-bolszewickiej (Letters from the Polish-Bolshevik War), Adiutor, 1995, ISBN 83-86100-11-7
- Szczepański, Janusz, Wojna 1920 na Mazowszu i Podlasiu (War of 1920 in Mazowsze and Podlasie), Gryf, 1995, ISBN 83-86643-30-7
[编辑] 俄语
- "Dramas of Ukrainian-Polish Brotherhood," Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), March 13-19, 1999, available online (in Russian).
- Мельтюхов, Михаил Иванович (Mikhail Meltyukhov) (2001). Советско-польские войны. Военно-политическое противостояние 1918—1939 гг. (Soviet-Polish Wars. Political and Military standoff of 1918-1939)，Moscow: Вече (Veche). ISBN 5-699-07637-9. (in Russian).
- I.I. Sukhov, White Eagle against the Red Star. Soviet-Polish War of 1919-20. (in Russian)
[编辑] 外部链接
- Electronic Museum of the Polish-Soviet War
- The Polish-Russian War and the Fight for Polish Independence
- Józef Haller and the Blue Army
- The Russo-Polish War, 1919-1920: A Bibliography of Materials in English by John A. Drobnicki. Originally Published in the Polish Review, XLII, no. 1 (Mar. 1997), 95-104
- Bibliography of the Polish-Soviet War by Anna M. Cienciala, University of Kansas
- Pygmy Wars. Eastern Europe's Bloody struggles 1918-1923
- Russo-Polish War 1919-20 at Onwar.com
- Maps of the Polish-Bolshevik War: Campaign Maps (Battle of Warsaw) by Robert Tarwacki
- A Knock on the Door - chapter three of Wesley Adamczyk's memoirs of the Polish-Soviet war, When God Looked.
