霍亂

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霍亂是一種急性腹瀉疾病，由不潔的海產食品引起，病發高峰期在夏季，能在數小時內造成脫水甚至死亡。霍亂是由霍亂弧菌所引起的，通常是血清型O1的霍亂弧菌所致，但是在1992年曾經有O139的新血清型造成流行。霍亂弧菌存在於水中，最常見的感染原因是食用被病人糞便污染過的水。霍亂弧菌能產生霍亂毒素，造成分泌性腹瀉，即使不再進食也會不斷腹瀉，洗米水狀的糞便是霍亂的特徵。臨床上，經過一到兩天的潛伏期，霍亂的表現是突然而無痛的水瀉，然後經常會有嘔吐的現象。如果沒有補充水分與電解質，會造成休克。治療只要適當而正確的補充水分與電解質即可。預防的方法除了公共衛生的改善之外，到流行地區旅行前可以注射疫苗。

[编辑] 中医观点

本病多因饮食不慎而感受时行疫疠之邪，损伤脾胃，而致秽浊疫毒阻遏中焦，气机逆乱，升降失司，清浊相混，乱于胃肠。若气机逆乱，开合失司，阳气内郁，而见汗出肢冷，是为寒证；若出现身热、躁扰，小便黄赤，舌苔黄腻，又为热证。气机窒塞，上下不通，则呕吐剧烈，泄泻频频。吐泻伤津，筋脉失养，可见转筋挛缩、四肢抽搐。津伤气泄，甚者导致亡阴亡阳，病情危重。霍乱总的治疗原则为芳香泄浊、化湿和中。结合不同证候表现，可分别兼以温化寒湿、清热化湿、辟秽解毒、养阴救逆、回阳固脱等。

[编辑] 史上大流行

Cholera
- first pandemic 1816–1826. Previously restricted to the Indian subcontinent, the pandemic began in Bengal, then spread across India by 1820. It extended as far as China and the Caspian Sea before receding.
- The second pandemic (1829–1851) reached Europe, London in 1832, Ontario Canada and New York in the same year, and the Pacific coast of North America by 1834.
- The third pandemic (1852–1860) mainly affected Russia, with over a million deaths. (Where it had killed Peter Tchaikovsky and his mother.)
- The fourth pandemic (1863–1875) spread mostly in Europe and Africa.

- In 1866 there was an outbreak in North America.
- In 1892 cholera contaminated the water supply of Hamburg, Germany, and caused 8,606 deaths.^[1]
- The seventh pandemic (1899–1923) had little effect in Europe because of advances in public health, but Russia was badly affected again.
- The eighth pandemic began in Indonesia in 1961, called El Tor after the strain, and reached Bangladesh in 1963, India in 1964, and the USSR in 1966.

2005年8月福建福州发生霍乱