List of historians by area of study

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of historians categorized by their area of study. See also List of historians.

Contents 1 By time period 1.1 Ancient history 1.2 Medieval history 2 By nation or geographical area 2.1 North America 2.1.1 History of Canada 2.1.2 History of the Caribbean 2.1.3 History of the United States 2.2 Europe 2.2.1 History of Europe 2.2.2 History of England and Britain 2.2.3 History of the British Empire 2.2.4 History of France 2.2.5 History of Germany 2.2.6 History of Ireland 2.2.7 History of Italy 2.2.8 History of Poland 2.2.9 History of Portugal 2.2.10 History of Russia 2.2.11 History of Slovakia 2.2.12 History of Slovenia 2.2.13 History of Spain 2.2.14 History of Yugoslavia 2.3 The Middle East 2.4 Asia 2.4.1 History of China 2.4.2 History of Korea 2.4.3 History of India 2.4.4 History of Japan 2.5 Africa 2.5.1 History of Ghana 2.6 Australasia 2.6.1 History of Australia 3 By historical viewpoint 3.1 Abolitionist 3.2 Christianity 3.2.1 Lutheranism 3.2.2 Mormonism 3.2.3 The Papacy 3.2.4 Salvation Army 3.3 Holocaust 3.4 Marxist 3.5 Nazi 3.6 Anarchist 3.7 Pacifist 4 By general category 4.1 Architectural history 4.2 Art history 4.3 Economic history 4.4 History of Education 4.5 Espionage 4.6 Maritime history 4.7 Military history 4.8 Naval history 4.9 Historiography 4.10 Gender and sexuality studies 4.11 History of ideas, literature, and philosophy 4.12 History of business 4.13 History of international relations 4.14 History of science and technology 4.15 Social history 5 World history 6 Biography

[edit] By time period

[edit] Ancient history

• Michael Crawford (historian)
• Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) - The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
• Peter Green - Ancient Greece and Macedon
• Herodotus
• Josephus
• Barbara Levick (born 1932, British) - Roman emperors
• Livy
• Barthold Georg Niebuhr (1776–1831) - Roman history
• Howard Hayes Scullard (1903-1983) - Roman civilization
• Ronald Syme (1903 - 1989) - Classical period
• Suetonius
• Tacitus
• Joseph Tainter
• Thucydides
• Xenophon

[edit] Medieval history

• Placido Puccinelli (1609-1685, Italian) - Northern Italy in the tenth century and the Florentine church
• Marc Bloch (1886-1944, French) - Medieval France
• John Boswell (1947-1994, American) - Homosexuality in the Middle Ages
• Norman Cantor (1930-2004)
• Georges Duby (1924-1996, French) - Specialized in the history of France between the Capets and the Valois
• François-Louis Ganshof (1895-1980), Dutch - wrote on early medieval institutional history and feudalism
• Patrick Geary - early Middle Ages
• Geoffrey of Monmouth
• Geraldis Cambrensis
• Johan Huizinga (Dutch) - Wrote 'Waning of the Middle Ages'
• Jacques Le Goff
• Rev. F. X. Martin (Irish) - Mediævalist and campaigner
• Rosamond McKitterick - Frankish and Carolingian history
• Henri Pirenne (1862-1935) - the "Pirenne Thesis" of early Medieval development
• Eileen Power - Middle Ages
• Miri Rubin - social and religious history, 1100-1500
• Steven Runciman (1903–2000) - the Crusades
• Richard Southern (1912-2001)
• Sidney Painter
• John Julius Norwich
• Chris Wickham
• Pierre Bonnasie
• Aaron Gurevich
• Eric Christiansen

[edit] By nation or geographical area

[edit] North America

[edit] History of Canada

• Donald Creighton - Developed the Laurentian thesis
• Lionel Groulx (1878-1967) - The history of Quebec in particular and French North America in general
• Harold Innis - Economic historian of Canada
• Jack Granatstein - Political and Military historian of Canada
• W.L. Morton - Expert on western Canada

See also List of Canadian historians. asdfkfkslal

[edit] History of the Caribbean

• Eric Williams (1911-1981) - Focused on slavery and the slave trade, condemned imperialism

[edit] History of the United States

See also Category:Historians of the United States

• Stephen Ambrose (1936-2002) - Biographer of Eisenhower
• George Bancroft (1800-1891) - wrote first large-scale history of the US
• Charles A. Beard (1874-1948)
• William Brandon (1914–2002), historian of the American West and Native Americans.
• Alan Brinkley - Historian of the Great Depression
• Bruce Catton - American Civil War
• William Cronon - American environmental history and the American West
• J. Frank Dobie - historian of Texas and the Southwestern United States
• David Herbert Donald
• W.E.B. Du Bois - historian of the Reconstruction
• Eric Foner - Civil War and Reconstruction
• Shelby Foote - (1916-2005) - American Civil War
• John Hope Franklin - historian of African Americans
• John A. Garraty
• Richard Hofstadter (1916-1970) - Progessivism and U.S. political history
• David Lavender (1910-2003) - Western U.S.
• David McCullough (1933- ) - general study, most notable work is recent biography of John Adams
• James M. McPherson - American Civil War
• D.W. Meinig - geographic history of America
• Gary Moulton - prominent Lewis and Clark historian
• David Nasaw - biography and U.S. cultural history
• Francis Parkman - Historian of the French and Indian War
• Harry W. Pfanz - American Civil War
• Dominic Sandbrook (1974-) - political history of the 1960s and 1970s
• Arthur Schlesinger Sr.
• Arthur Schlesinger Jr.
• Jean Edward Smith (1932- ) - biography, foreign policy, political economy, constitutional law, legal history, and politics
• Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932) - Developed the Frontier Thesis
• Frank Vandiver
• Alexander Scott Withers - Primary accounts of colonial western Virginia conflicts
• C. Vann Woodward (1908-1999) - Southern United States
• Howard Zinn (1922- ) - Political scientist and historian of the United States, often critical of common policies.

[edit] Europe

[edit] History of Europe

• Norman Davies
• Elizabeth Eisenstein, early printing and transitions in media
• John Lukacs
• Henri-Jean Martin, early printing and writing
• Robert Roswell Palmer
• J. Salwyn Schapiro
• Norman Stone
• Gordon Wright

[edit] History of England and Britain

• Venerable Bede (672 – 735)
• Angus Calder - Great Britain.
• Maurice Cowling - High political history.
• Eamon Duffy - 15th-17th century religious history (not "the Reformation")
• Geoffrey Rudolph Elton - Tudor period England.
• Edward Hasted - Kent
• Antonia Fraser - England.
• William Gibson ecclesiastical history
• Mary Anne Everett Green - Calendars of state papers and biographies
• J. H. Hexter - 17th century England.
• Gertrude Himmelfarb - Victorian social and cultural history.
• Christopher Hill (1912-2003) - 17th century England
• John Edward Lloyd (1861-1947) - Early Welsh history
• Geoffrey of Monmouth (died circa 1154)
• Lewis Bernstein Namier - 18th century politics
• Andrew Roberts, modern British history.
• A. L. Rowse (1903-1997) - The history of Cornwall and Elizabethan England
• Dominic Sandbrook (born 1974) - The 1960s and after
• John Robert Seeley (1834-1895)
• David Starkey (born 1945) - Tudor historian and TV presenter
• E. P. Thompson, (1924-1993), historian of the British working class
• Lawrence Stone, The history of society and the family in England
• George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876–1962) - Prolific author on many periods of English history
• Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton - 17th century Britain.
• Retha Warnicke (born 1939) - Tudor history and gender issues
• Cicely Veronica Wedgwood (1910-1997) - British historian
• Perez Zagorin - (1920 - ) 16th and 17th century British/English history

[edit] History of the British Empire

• Gerald S. Graham
• Vincent T. Harlow
• William Roger Louis
• P. J. Marshall
• David Quinn
• D. M. Schurman
• Glyndwr Williams

[edit] History of France

• Marc Bloch (1886-1944) - Medieval France
• Georges Duby (1924-1996) - Medieval France
• Lucien Febvre (1878-1956) - French historian.
• Alistair Horne - modern French military history.
• Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie - history of the French peasantry.
• Michael Marrus - Vichy France
• Roland Mousnier - early modern France.
• Zeev Sternhell - French fascism.
• Eugen Weber - modern French history.
• John B. Wolf (1907-???) - French history
• Natalie Zemon Davis - early modern France.
• Gordon Wright (1912-2000)

See also List of historians of the French Revolution.

[edit] History of Germany

• Gisela Bock
• Alan Bullock
• Karl Dietrich Bracher
• Martin Broszat
• Gordon A. Craig
• Richard J. Evans
• Joachim Fest
• Fritz Fischer
• Klaus Hildebrand
• Andreas Hillgruber
• Heinz Zollin Hohne
• Eberhard Jäckel
• Ian Kershaw
• Klemens von Klemperer
• Claudia Koonz
• Timothy Mason
• Friedrich Meinecke
• Hans Mommsen
• Wolfgang Mommsen
• George Mosse
• Ernst Nolte'
• Steven Ozment
• Detlev Peukert
• Gerhard Ritter
• Hans Rothfels
• Jean Edward Smith
• Louis Leo Snyder
• Fritz Stern
• Michael Sturmer
• Hans-Ulrich Wehler
• Heinrich von Treitschke
• A.J.P. Taylor
• Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914-2003) - British historian and peer who specialized on Nazi leadership and incorrectly verified the authenticity of The Hitler Diaries
• Henry Ashby Turner
• Robert Waite
• John Wheeler-Bennett
• Michael Wolffsohn
• Alfred-Maurice de Zayas
• Rainer Zitelmann

[edit] History of Ireland

• Brian Farrell (born 1929) - Irish political history, historian and emeritus Associated Professor of Politics, UCD

[edit] History of Italy

• Renzo De Felice

[edit] History of Poland

• Norman Davies (1939-) - modern Polish history.
• Pawel Jasienica (1909-1970) - Polish amateur historian.
• Wickham Steed

[edit] History of Portugal

• José Hermano Saraiva

[edit] History of Russia

• Nicholas Bethell
• Robert Conquest - The Soviet Union
• Orlando Figes
• Leopold Labedz
• Roy Medvedev
• Richard Pipes - The Soviet Union
• William Taubman - Nikita Khrushchev

[edit] History of Slovakia

• Gabriela Dudeková

[edit] History of Slovenia

• Bogo Grafenauer (1916--1995)

[edit] History of Spain

• Ida Altman - Early modern Spain, colonial Latin America
• Maria Luisa Ávila-Medieval History, Spain, History of Muslim Spain, Women's History
• Robert I. Burns-Spain, Medieval History, History of Muslim Spain, Visigothic Spain
• Brian A Catlos-Spain, Medieval History, History of Muslim Spain
• Roger Collins-Medieval History, Spain, Visigothic Spain,History of Muslim Spain
• Olivia Remie Constable,-Spain, Medieval History, Commercial History
• Hipólito Escolar-Spain, History of the Book
• Pierre Guichard-Spain, Medieval History, Visigothic Spain, History of Muslim Spain
• S.I Imamuddin-Spain, Medieval History, History of Muslim Spain
• Manuela Marin-Women's History, Social History, Spain, History of Muslim Spain
• Julian Ribera y Tarragó-Spain, History of the Book, Medieval History, History of Muslim Spain
• Samuel Miklos Stern-Spain, History of the Book, Medieval History, History of Muslim Spain, Literary History

[edit] History of Yugoslavia

• Stephen Schwartz

[edit] The Middle East

• George Antonius (1891-1941) - Historian of Arab nationalism
• Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (1895-1971) - Editor, The Encyclopaedia of Islam
• Bernard Lewis - History of Islam and the Middle East
• Albert Hourani
• Ibn Khaldun
• Walid Khalidi Palestinian historian
• Michael Oren
• David Pryce-Jones
• Ibn al-Tiqtaqa (b. circa 1262) Shi'i historian wrote Al-Fakhīr
• ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Ata Malik Juvayni (1226-1283) Ta’rīkh-I-Jahān Gushā (‘A History of the World-Conqueror Chingis Khān)
• Rashid al-Din (circa 1247-1318) Jāmi‛-al-Tawārīkh (‘A Comprehensive Collection of Histories'), Ta’rīkh–i-Ghāzānī - a history of the Mongols and Turks
• D. S. Margoliouth
• Caroline Finkel
• Rex Sean O'Fahey
• Knut Vikør
• Anders Bjørkelo

[edit] Asia

[edit] History of China

• Li Ao (born 1935) - Historian, author, and politician and broadcaster in the Republic of China on Taiwan
• Iris Chang - the Rape of Nanking.
• Rafe de Crespigny - Han dynasty
• John King Fairbank
• Sima Qian - Compiled Records of the Grand Historian
• Jonathan Spence
• Denis Twitchett - (1925-2006) Cambridge scholar, and editor of The Cambridge History of China
• Frederic Wakeman, Jr.
• Odd Arne Westad - Professor at the London School of Economics and author of many books on China

[edit] History of Korea

• Bruce Cumings - modern Korea
• Il-yeon
• Kim Bu-sik - early annalist
• Kim Dae-Mun
• Lee Ki-baek - (1924-2004)
• Suh Dae-sook - Korean War and North Korea
• Yu Deuk-gong - Balhae
• Odd Arne Westad - Professor at the London School of Economics

[edit] History of India

• A. L. Basham
• Urvashi Butalia
• Nicholas Dirks
• Ranajit Guha
• Ayesha Jalal
• John Keay
• Christian Lassen
• Sumit Sarkar
• Tanika Sarkar
• Percival Spear
• Romila Thapar
• Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri
• Bipin Chandra

[edit] History of Japan

• Karl Friday
• Rotem Kowner

[edit] Africa

[edit] History of Ghana

• Larry Yarak

[edit] Australasia

[edit] History of Australia

• Manning Clark
• Geoffrey Blainey

[edit] By historical viewpoint

[edit] Abolitionist

• George Washington Williams - Early African-American historian

[edit] Christianity

• Eusebius of Caesarea (~275–339) - "Father of Church history"
• Alexander Campbell Cheyne, Scottish Ecclesiastical Historian
• John Gilmary Shea (1824-1892) Father of American Catholic History
• Barbara Thiering (1930- ) Rediscovered the "Pesher technique"

[edit] Lutheranism

• Johann Lorenz Von Mosheim (1694-1755) - Lutheran historian of Christianity from its inception through the 18th century

[edit] Mormonism

• Leonard J. Arrington - LDS Church historian 1975-1982
• B.H. Roberts
• Fawn M. Brodie

[edit] The Papacy

• Ludwig von Pastor, wrote 40 volume history of the popes making extensive use of the Vatican Secret Archives

[edit] Salvation Army

• Rob Brettle (1963- ) Co-founder Christian Mission Historical Society
• Harry Hayes - founder Salvation Army Philatelic Society
• Glenn Horridge - Co-founder Christian Mission Historical Society

[edit] Holocaust

• Yehuda Bauer
• Martin Broszat
• Christopher Browning
• Lucy Dawidowicz
• Norman Finkelstein
• Henry Friedlander
• Saul Friedländer
• Daniel Goldhagen
• Raul Hilberg
• Michael Marrus
• Hans Mommsen
• R. J. Rummel

[edit] Marxist

• Eric Foner - Marxist historian of the American Civil War and Reconstruction
• Eugene D. Genovese - Marxist historian of southern US history and slavery
• Ranajit Guha - Indian marxist historian
• Christopher Hill - 17th century England.
• Eric Hobsbawm - Marxist historian of the modern world.
• Timothy Wright Mason - Marxist historian who worked on the history of National Socialism and the German working-class.
• Maxime Rodinson French marxist historian on the history of islam
• Sumit Sarkar Indian marxist historian
• Edward Palmer Thompson British marxist historian, author of "The Making of the English Working Class"

[edit] Nazi

• Walter Frank (1905-1945) - Nazi historian and anti-Semitic writer
• David Hoggan (1923-1988)

[edit] Anarchist

• Paul Avrich, USA 1931-2006. (Oral-)History of the US and Russia
• David Berry, France, Movement in France.
• Murray Bookchin USA 1921-2006.Writer; Founder of "Social Ecology"
• Roland Creagh Editor of "Research on Anarchism" the interactive website/data base in various languages. (France)
• Hans Jürgen Degen, Germany, Writer, Editor of "Lexikon der Anarchie"
• Sam Dolgoff USA 1902-1990, writer, activist, co-founder of Anarcho-Syndicalist Review.
• Sébastian Faure France, Encyclopedie Anarchiste, 4 volumes (1932-34)
• Joao Freire, Portugal, Movement of Portugal/CGT.
• Sharif Gemie, editor of "Anarchist Studies" (United Kingdom)
• David Goodway, (UK, writer, editor)
• Daniel Guerin, France 1904-1988. writer, editor Libertarian Communist
• Robert Graham, (USA, writer, editor)
• Peter Marshall, England 1946, historian, philosopher, writer (of 'Demanding the Impossible. A History of Anarchism, 1992).
• Chuck Morse, USA, Writer, Founder of "Institute for Anarchist Studies/IAS.
• Max Nettlau, 1865-1944, Austria, writer of "Geschichte der Anarchie", seven volumes.
• Barry Pateman
• Alex Prichard
• Abel Paz, (Spain, Civilwar , Durruti, CNT/FAI )
• José Peirats, (Spain, Historian of the CNT/FAI)
• Jochen Schmück, Germany, Publisher, Founder of DadA - Datenbank des deutschsprachigen Anarchismus, webdata of german languages books on Anarchism and dadaweb.de.
• Alexandre Skirda
• Peter Staudenmaier
• Horst Stowasser, Germany, Founder of "AnArchiv", Anarchistisches Dokumentationszentrum, Writer.
• Antonio Tellez
• Dana Ward, Founder of "Anarchist Archives", Online Research on the History and Theory of Anarchism, (USA).
• George Woodcock
• Howard Zinn

[edit] Pacifist

• Ludwig Quidde (1858-1941) - Prescient German pacifist and student of history who combined his specialties in his condemnation of Kaiser Wilhelm II

[edit] By general category

[edit] Architectural history

• Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born ca. 80/70 BC?; died ca. 25 BC) Roman architect and engineer, author of De architectura
• Leone Battista Alberti (born 1404; died 1472) Italian polymath, active in many fields, author of De Re Aedificatoria among others.
• Josef Strzygowski (born 1862)
• Joseph Rykwert (born 1926)
• Manfredo Tafuri (1935-1994)
• David Watkin (historian) (born 1941)
• Alberto Pérez-Gómez (born 1949)

[edit] Art history

• Nicholas Pevsner (1903–1983) History of art and English architecture
• Simon Schama (born 1945) - Art history

[edit] Economic history

• Niall Ferguson
• Robert Fogel
• David S. Landes
• W. W. Rostow
• R. H. Tawney

[edit] History of Education

• David Hogan Professor of Educaton at the University of Tasmania.

[edit] Espionage

• John Barron
• John Earl Haynes
• David Kahn
• Victor Suvorov
• Nigel West

[edit] Maritime history

• Robert G. Albion
• Howard I. Chapelle
• John Hattendorf
• Samuel Eliot Morison

[edit] Military history

• Correlli Barnett - British military historian.
• Antony Beevor - British military historian.
• Caleb Carr - American military historian.
• Michael Carver - British soldier & historian.
• Alan Clark - British M.P & historian.
• Martin van Creveld - Israeli military historian.
• Saul David - Military history
• Adrian Goldsworthy - British military historian.
• Jack Granatstein - Canadian military historian.
• Bruce Barrymore Halpenny Writer and military historian
• Victor Davis Hanson - American classicist & military historian.
• Andreas Hillgruber - German military historian.
• Richard Holmes - British military history
• Alistair Horne - British historian of French military history.
• Michael Howard - modern military history.
• John Keegan (born 1934, English) - Specializes in 20th-century wars
• Richard Landwehr - military histoiran.
• Basil Liddell Hart (1895–1970) Military History
• Edward Luttwak (born 1942) Military strategy
• S. L. A. Marshall - American military historian.
• Leo Niehorster (born 1947) - World War II
• Aryeh Nusbacher - American military historian.
• Peter Paret - Military history
• Gordon Prange
• Gerhard Ritter - German military historian.
• Cornelius Ryan (1920-1974) - World War II
• Jean Edward Smith (born 1932) - U.S. and German military historian.
• Hew Strachan - British military historian.
• Gerhard Weinberg - U.S. military historian.

[edit] Naval history

• Robert G. Albion - Maritime history
• Howard I. Chapelle - Maritime history
• Andrew Gordon - Battle of Jutland
• John Hattendorf
• R.J.B. Knight
• Andrew Lambert
• Alfred Mahan
• Tyrone G. Martin - Historian of the USS Constitution and of the history of ironclads
• Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976) - Wrote History of United States Naval Operations in World War II and numerous works about the maritime exploration of the Americas
• Henry Newbolt (1862-1938) - Wrote The Naval History of the Great War.
• Werner Rahn
• N.A.M. Rodger

[edit] Historiography

• Marc Bloch
• Fernand Braudel
• Herbert Butterfield
• E. H. Carr
• R. G. Collingwood
• Geoffrey Elton
• Richard J. Evans
• Pieter Geyl
• J. H. Hexter
• Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
• Leopold von Ranke
• Hayden White
• Frank Ankersmit

[edit] Gender and sexuality studies

• John Boswell (1947-1994, American) - Homosexuality in medieval times
• George Mosse
• Retha Warnicke (born 1939) - Gender issues

[edit] History of ideas, literature, and philosophy

• Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997) - History of ideas
• J. C. D. Clark, British historian of 18th century ideas.
• Michel Foucault (1926 - 1984) - History of ideas
• Peter Gay (1923-) - History of ideas.
• Lewis Mumford (1895-1988) - History of technology
• Ivan Prijatelj (1875-1937) - Literary history
• France Kidric (1880-1950) - Literary history

[edit] History of business

• Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.

[edit] History of international relations

• Harry Elmer Barnes
• Herbert Butterfield
• E. H. Carr
• Gordon A. Craig
• John Lewis Gaddis, historian of the Cold War.
• Klaus Hildebrand
• Andreas Hillgruber
• Paul Kennedy, British historian, author of influential "The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers"
• William L. Langer, (1896-1977)
• Eduard Mark
• Arno J. Mayer
• W.N. Medlicott
• Lewis Bernstein Namier
• Paul W. Schroeder, US historian, 19c European International Relations
• Jean Edward Smith
• A.J.P. Taylor (1906-1990) - Historian of European International Relations
• Harold Temperley, (1879-1939), British historian, Cambridge, 19c and early 20c century diplomatic history, "British Documents on the Originis of the War, 1898-1914" (ed.)
• Ernest Llewellyn Woodward, (1890-1971)

[edit] History of science and technology

• Allen G. Debus, chemistry and medicine
• A. Hunter Dupree, botany; U.S. government policy on science and technology
• Peter Galison, physics, philosophy, objectivity
• John L. Heilbron, physics, quantification, astronomy, religion and science
• Richard L. Hills, technology, steam power
• Thomas P. Hughes, technology
• Evelyn Fox Keller, science and gender, biology
• Melvin Kranzberg, technology
• Daniel J. Kevles, science and politics, physics, biology, eugenics
• Thomas Kuhn, physics, "paradigm shifts"
• David F. Noble, science & technology-based industrial development
• Abraham Pais, physics
• Theodore M. Porter
• A. I. Sabra, optics, Islamic science
• George Sarton
• M. Norton Wise

[edit] Social history

• Gabriela Dudeková

[edit] World history

• Ferdinand Braudel (1902-1985) - Social and economic history
• Francis Fukuyama (born 1955) - "End of history" thesis
• Hendrik Willem van Loon (1882-1944) - World history and geography for younger readers
• William McNeill (born 1917) - Author of The Rise of the West
• Jackson J. Spielvogel - Pennsylvania State University, author of several major world history textbooks
• Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975) - Wrote landmark text A Study of History
• Immanuel Wallerstein

[edit] Biography

• Alan Bullock (1914-2004) - Historian best known for his influential biography of Hitler
• Roi Medvedev - Stalin biographer
• Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881 - Friedrich der Grosse (the Great)
• Ron Rosenbaum - author of Explaining Hitler.
• Jean Edward Smith - author of biographies on Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ulysses S. Grant, John Marshall, and Lucius D. Clay