پولېنډ

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Rzeczpospolita Polska

بېرغ نښان
Motto: See Unofficial mottos of Poland (polish: Bóg, Honor, Ojczyzna; English: God, Honour and Fatherland)
ملي ترانه: Polish: Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (Translation: "Dąbrowski's Mazurek")
پلازمېنه	وارشا 52°13′ N 21°02′ E
لوی ښار	وارشا
(رسمي ژبه/ ژبې)	Polish[1]
حکومت {{{د لارښود لقب}}}	جمهوريت {{{د لارښود نوم}}}
Formation {{{established_events}}}	{{{established_dates}}}
مساحت  • ټولټال    • اوبه (%)	312,685 km² {{{مساحتي وېش}}} 120,728 mi²  {{{د اوبو سلنه}}}
د وګړو شمېر  • 2006 est.  • 2002 census  • ګڼه ګونه	{{{د وګړو اټکل}}} (32nd) {{{د وګړو سرشمېرنه}}} {{{د وګړو ګڼه ګونه}}}/km² (83rd) {{{د وګړو ګڼه ګونهmi²}}}/mi²
GDP (PPP)  • ټولټال  • Per capita	2006 estimate $546.543 billion (23rd) $14,329 (48th)
HDI (2003)	0.858 (36th) – high
پېسه	{{{پېسه}}} ({{{د پېسو نښه}}})
د ساعت توپير  • Summer (DST)	{{{وخت}}} (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2)
د انټرنېت م.م(TLD)	.pl (also .eu as part of the European Union)
هېوادنی کوډ	{{{هېوادنی کوډ}}}
ټيليفوني پېل ګڼ	+{{{پېل ګڼ}}}
{{{پايڅوړ}}}

پولېنډ (Polish: Polska), officially the د پولېنډ جمهوريت (Template:Audio-pl), is a country located in Central Europe. It is bordered by جرمني/آلمان to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, اوکراين and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, لېتوانيا, and روسيه (in the form of the د کالینینگراد ولايت exclave) to the north. Poland shares a maritime border with Denmark and Sweden in the Baltic Sea. Since May 1, 2004, the republic has been a member state of the European Union.

The Polish state was formed more than 1,000 years ago and reached its golden age near the end of the 16th century under the Jagiellonian dynasty, when Poland was one of the largest, wealthiest, and most powerful countries in Europe. In 1791 the Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth adopted the Constitution of May 3, Europe's first modern codified constitution, and the second in the world after the Constitution of the United States. Soon afterwards, the country ceased to exist after being partitioned by its neighbours Russia, Austria, and Prussia. It regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of the First World War as the Second Polish Republic. Following the Second World War it became a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union known as the People's Republic of Poland. In 1989 the first partially-free elections in Poland's post-World War II history concluded the Solidarity (Solidarność) movement's struggle for freedom and resulted in the defeat of Poland's communist rulers. The current Third Polish Republic was established, followed a few years later by the drafting of a new constitution in 1997. In 1999 Poland acceded to NATO, and in 2004 it joined the European Union.

Officially the country is known as Republic of Poland, in Polish Rzeczpospolita Polska. The word Rzeczpospolita is the historic name that has been used continuously since the 16th century during the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which was an elective monarchy. The term Rzeczpospolita can mean "commonwealth" or also "republic", whereas the Polish translation for the English term "republic" is republika. During communist rule from 1952 to 1989 the country's official name was the People's Republic of Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa), which was the only break in the official historical designation.)

نيوليک 1 تاريخ 2 سياست 3 جغرافيه 3.1 اصلي ښارونه 4 اداري وېشنې 5 اقتصاد 6 ساينس, صنعت او زده کړې 6.1 Telecommunication and IT 6.2 Transportation 7 Demographics 8 کلتور/فرهڼ 9 Cuisine 10 نړېوال وېش 11 دا هم وګورۍ 12 سرچينې 13 باندنۍ تړنې 13.1 حکومتي ادارې 13.2 په پولېنډ کې ګرځندويي 13.3 English-language websites on Poland 13.4 English-language news on Poland 13.5 French-language news on Poland

[سمادول] تاريخ

Main article: د پولېنډ تاريخ

Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. In the 12th century Poland fragmented into several smaller states, which were later ravaged by the Mongol armies of the Golden Horde in 1241. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of the reunified Poland. His son Casimir III repaired the Polish economy, built new castles and won the war against the Ruthenian dukedom (Lwów became a Polish City).

The Black Death which affected most parts of Europe from 1347 to 1351 did not come to Poland until 1389 with traces still ravaging the country side to the present day.^[3]

Under the Jagiellon dynasty, Poland forged an alliance with its neighbour Lithuania. A golden age ensued in the 16th century after the Lublin Union, which gave birth to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The citizens of Poland took pride in their ancient freedoms and Sejm parliamentary system, with the szlachta nobility enjoying the most benefits. Since that time Poles have regarded freedom as their most important value. Poles often call themselves the nation of the free people.

In the mid-17th century a Swedish invasion rolled through the country in the turbulent time known as "The Deluge" (potop). Numerous wars against the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Cossacks, Transylvania and Brandenburg-Prussia ultimately came to an end in 1699. During the following 80 years, the waning of the central government and deadlock of the institutions weakened the nation, leading to anarchistic tendencies and a growing dependency on Russia. This eventually led to the 'Liberum Veto', which allowed for any member of parliament to break off the Sejm's proceedings during the session, effectively paralysing any attempt at reform. Russian tsars took advantage of this unique political vulnerability by offering money to Parliamentary traitors, who in turn would consistently and subversively block necessary reforms and new solutions.Template:Polish statehood

The Enlightenment in Poland fostered a growing national movement to repair the state, resulting in the first modern written constitution in Europe, the Constitution of May 3 in 1791. The process of reforms ceased with the three partitions of Poland between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793 and 1795 which ultimately dissolved the country. Poles resented their shrinking freedoms and several times rebelled against their oppressors (see List of Polish Uprisings).

Napoleon recreated a Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was split anew by the Allies at the Congress of Vienna. The eastern part was ruled by the Russian tsar as a Congress Kingdom, and possessed a liberal constitution. However, the tsars soon reduced Polish freedoms and Russia eventually de facto annexed the country. Later in the 19th century, Austrian-ruled Galicia became the oasis of Polish freedom.

During World War I all the Allies agreed on the restitution of Poland that United States President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed in point 13 of his Fourteen Points. Shortly after the surrender of Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska). It reaffirmed its independence after a series of military conflicts, the most notable being the 1919-1921 Polish-Soviet War.

The 1926 May Coup of Józef Piłsudski turned the reins of the Second Polish Republic over to the Sanacja movement. It lasted until the start of World War II on September 1 1939, when Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland(September 17). Warsaw capitulated on September 28 1939 and was split up into two zones, one occupied by Nazi Germany the other by the Soviet Union as foreseen in the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact. The eastern part of the German occupied zone was transformed into the General Government area, and the western part (the areas that belonged to Germany before World War I) was simply incorporated to the German Reich.

Of all the countries involved in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: over 6 million perished, half of them Polish Jews. Poland also made the 4th largest Allied troop contribution, after the Americans, the British and the Soviets, to ultimately defeat Nazi Germany. At the war's conclusion, Poland's borders were shifted westwards, pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line. Meanwhile, the western border was moved to the Oder-Neisse line. The new Poland emerged 20% smaller by 77,500 square kilometres (29,900 sq mi). The shift forced the migration of millions of people – Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and Jews.

As a result of these events, Poland became, for the first time in its multicultural history, an ethnically unified country. A Polish minority is still present in neighbouring countries of Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania, as well as in other countries (see Poles article for the population numbers). The largest number of ethnic Poles outside of the country can be found in the United States.

The Soviet Union instituted a new communist government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Military alignment within the Warsaw Pact throughout the Cold War was also part of this change. In 1948 a turn towards Stalinism brought in the beginning of the next period of totalitarian rule. The People's Republic of Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) was officially proclaimed in 1952. In 1956 the régime became more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union, "Solidarity" ("Solidarność" in Polish), which over time became a political force. It eroded the dominance of the Communist Party; by 1989 it had triumphed in parliamentary elections, and Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement greatly contributed to the soon-following collapse of Communism all over Eastern Europe.

A shock therapy program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Despite a temporary slump in social and economic standards, there were numerous improvements in other human rights, such as free speech, a functioning democracy and the like. Poland was the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989 GDP levels. In 1991 Poland became a member of the Visegrad Group and joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance in 1999 along with the Czech Republic and Hungary. Polish voters then voted to join the European Union in a referendum in June 2003, which the country joined on May 1, 2004.

[سمادول] سياست

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Poland is a democratic republic. Its current constitution dates from 1997. The government structure centres on the Council of Ministers, led by a prime minister. The current prime minister of Poland is Jarosław Kaczyński. The president appoints the cabinet according to the proposals of the prime minister, typically from the majority coalition in the bicameral legislature's lower house (the Sejm). The president, elected by popular vote every five years, serves as the head of state. The current president is Lech Kaczyński, the twin brother of Jarosław Kaczyński.

Polish voters elect a bicameral parliament consisting of a 460 member lower house Sejm and a 100 member Senate (Senat). The Sejm is elected under a proportional representation electoral system using the d'Hondt method similar to that used in many parliamentary political systems. The Senate, on the other hand, is elected under a rare plurality bloc voting method where several candidates with the highest support are elected from each constituency. With the exception of ethnic minority parties, only candidates of political parties receiving at least 5% of the total national vote can enter the Sejm. When sitting in joint session, members of the Sejm and Senate form the National Assembly, (Polish Zgromadzenie Narodowe). The National Assembly is formed on three occasions: Taking the oath of office by a new president, bringing an indictment against the President of the Republic to the Tribunal of State, and declaration of a President's permanent incapacity to exercise their duties because of the state of their health. Only the first kind has occurred to date.

The judicial branch plays a minor role in decision-making. Its major institutions include the Supreme Court (Sąd Najwyższy), the Supreme Administrative Court (Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny) (judges appointed by the president of the republic on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period), the Constitutional Tribunal (Trybunał Konstytucyjny) (judges chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms) and the Tribunal of State (Trybunał Stanu) (judges chosen by the Sejm for the current term of office of the Sejm, except for the position of chairperson which is held by the First President of the Supreme Court). The Sejm (on approval of the Polish Senate) appoints the Ombudsman or the Commissioner for Civil Rights Protection (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich) for a five-year term. The Ombudsman has the duty of guarding the observance and implementation of the rights and liberties of the human being and of the citizen, the law and principles of community life and social justice.

[سمادول] جغرافيه

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The Polish landscape consists almost entirely of the lowlands of the North European Plain, at an average height of 173 metres (568 ft), though the Sudetes (including the Karkonosze) and the Carpathian Mountains (including the Tatra mountains, where one also finds Poland's highest point, Rysy, at 2,499 m or 8,199 ft) form the southern border. Several large rivers cross the plains; for instance, the Vistula (Wisła), Oder (Odra), Warta the (Western) Bug. Poland also contains over 9,300 lakes, predominantly in the north of the country. Masuria (Mazury) forms the largest and most-visited lake district in Poland. Remains of the ancient forests survive: see list of forests in Poland, Bialowieza Forest. Poland enjoys a temperate climate, with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms.

For detailed view see: Poland Topo Map on-line

[سمادول] اصلي ښارونه

	Agglomeration or conurbation	Voivodeship	Inhabitants (Estimated, 2005)
1	Katowice / MK (USIA)	Silesia	3,487,000
2	وارشا	Masovia	2,679,000
3	کراکوف	Lesser Poland	1,400,000
4	Łódź	Łódź	1,300,000
5	Tricity	Pomerania	1,100,000
5	پوزنان	Greater Poland	1,000,000

	ښارونه	Voivodeship	Inhabitants May 20 2002	Inhabitants December 31 2004
1	وارشا (Warszawa)	Masovia	1,671,670	1,692,854
2	Łódź	Łódź	789,318	774,004
3	کراکوف	Lesser Poland	758,544	757,430
4	Wrocław	Lower Silesia	640,367	636,268
5	پوزنان	Greater Poland	578,886	570,778
6	Gdańsk	Pomerania	461,334	459,072
7	Szczecin	Western Pomerania	415,399	411,900
8	Bydgoszcz	Kuyavia-Pomerania	373,804	368,235
9	Lublin	Lublin	357,110	355,998
10	Katowice	Silesia	327,222	319,904
11	Białystok	Podlasie	291,383	292,150
12	Gdynia	Pomerania	253,458	253,324
13	Częstochowa	Silesia	251,436	248,032
14	Sosnowiec	Silesia	232,622	228,192
15	Radom	Masovia	229,699	227,613
16	Kielce	Świętokrzyskie	212,429	209,455
17	Toruń	Kuyavia-Pomerania	211,243	208,278
18	Gliwice	Silesia	203,814	200,361
19	Zabrze	Silesia	195,293	192,546
20	Bytom	Silesia	193,546	189,535
21	Bielsko-Biała	Silesia	178,028	176,987
22	Olsztyn	Warmia-Masuria	173,102	174,550
23	Rzeszów	Subcarpathia	160,376	159,020
24	Ruda Śląska	Silesia	150,595	147,403
25	Rybnik	Silesia	142,731	141,755
26	Tychy	Silesia	132,816	131,547
27	Dąbrowa Górnicza	Silesia	132,236	130,789
28	Opole	Opole	129,946	128,864
29	Płock	Masovia	128,361	127,841
30	Elbląg	Warmia-Masuria	128,134	127,655
31	Wałbrzych	Lower Silesia	130,268	127,566
32	Gorzów Wielkopolski	Lubusz	125,914	125,578
33	Włocławek	Kuyavia-Pomerania	121,229	120,369
34	Tarnów	Lesser Poland	119,913	118,267
35	Zielona Góra	Lubusz	118,293	118,516
36	Chorzów	Silesia	117,430	115,241
37	Kalisz	Greater Poland	109,498	108,792
38	Koszalin	Western Pomerania	108,709	107,773
39	Legnica	Lower Silesia	107,100	106,143
40	Słupsk	Pomerania	100,376	99,827
41	Grudziądz	Kuyavia-Pomerania	99,943	98,757

Template:Seealso See also: a complete Gazetteer of Polish towns and settlements

[سمادول] اداري وېشنې

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Poland is subdivided into sixteen administrative regions known as voivodeships (województwa, singular - województwo):

Voivodeship	Capital city (cities)
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Kujawsko-Pomorskie)	Bydgoszcz and Toruń
Greater Poland Voivodeship (Wielkopolskie)	Poznań
Lesser Poland Voivodeship (Małopolskie)	Kraków
Łódź Voivodeship (Łódzkie)	Łódź
Lower Silesian Voivodeship (Dolnośląskie)	Wrocław
Lublin Voivodeship (Lubelskie)	Lublin
Lubusz Voivodeship (Lubuskie)	Gorzów Wielkopolski and Zielona Góra
Masovian Voivodeship (Mazowieckie)	Warsaw
Opole Voivodeship (Opolskie)	Opole
Podlasie Voivodeship (Podlaskie)	Białystok
Pomeranian Voivodeship (Pomorskie)	Gdańsk
Silesian Voivodeship (Śląskie)	Katowice
Subcarpathian Voivodeship (Podkarpackie)	Rzeszów
Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Świętokrzyskie)	Kielce
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (Warmińsko-Mazurskie)	Olsztyn
West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Zachodniopomorskie)	Szczecin

Lower levels of administrative division are:

• powiats (counties)
• gminas (commune)

[سمادول] اقتصاد

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Since its return to democracy, Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and today stands out as one of the most successful and open examples of the transition from a partially state-capitalist market economy to a primarily privately owned market economy.

The privatisation of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms have allowed the development of an aggressive private sector, followed by a development of consumer rights organisations later on. Restructuring and privatisation of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, railways, and energy) has begun. The biggest privatisations so far were a sale of Telekomunikacja Polska, a national telecom to France Telecom (2000) and an issue of 30% shares of the biggest Polish bank, PKO BP, on the Polish stockmarket (2004).

Poland has a large agricultural sector of private farms, that could be a leading producer of food in the European Union now that Poland is a member. Challenges remain, especially under-investment. Structural reforms in health care, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Warsaw leads Central Europe in foreign investment ^{[citation needed]} and needs a continued large inflow. GDP growth had been strong and steady from 1993 to 2000 with only a short slowdown from 2001 to 2002. The prospect of closer integration with the European Union has put the economy back on track, with growth of 3.7% annually in 2003, a rise from 1.4% annually in 2002. In 2004 GDP growth equalled 5.4%, and in 2005 3.3%. Forecasted GDP for 2006 is 5.0%.

Annual growth rates broken down by quarters:

• 2003: Q1 - 2.2% | Q2 - 3.8% | Q3 - 4.7% | Q4 - 4.7%
• 2004: Q1 - 6.9% | Q2 - 6.1% | Q3 - 4.8% | Q4 - 4.9%
• 2005: Q1 - 2.1% | Q2 - 2.8% | Q3 - 3.7% | Q4 - 4.3%
• 2006: Q1 - 5.2% | Q2 - 5.2% |

Although the Polish economy is currently undergoing an economic progress, there are many challenges ahead. The most notable task on the horizon is the preparation of the economy (through continuing deep structural reforms) to allow Poland to meet the strict economic criteria for entry into the European Single Currency. There is much speculation as to just when Poland might be allowed to join the Eurozone, although the best guess estimates put the entry date somewhere between 2009 and 2013 ^{[citation needed]}. For now, Poland is preparing to make the Euro its official currency (though it has not joined the ERM yet), and the Złoty will eventually be abolished from the Polish economy.

Since joining the European Union, many young Polish people have left their country to work in other EU countries because of high unemployment rate, which is the highest in the EU (15.7% in July 2006).

Products Poland produces include clothes, electronics, cars (including luxury car Leopard), buses (Autosan, Jelcz SA, Solaris, Solbus), helicopters (PZL Świdnik), transport equipment, locomotives, planes (PZL Mielec), ships, military engineering (including tanks, SPAAG systems), medicines (Polpharma, Polfa, etc), food, chemical products etc.

[سمادول] ساينس, صنعت او زده کړې

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The education of Polish society was a goal of rulers as early as the 12th century. The library catalog of the Cathedral Chapter of Kraków dating back to 1110 shows that already in the early 12th century Polish intellectuals had access to the European literature. In 1364, in Kraków, the Jagiellonian University, founded by King Casimir III, became one of Europe's great early universities. In 1773 King Stanisław August Poniatowski established his Commission on National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), the world's first state ministry of education. Today, Poland has more than a hundred tertiary education instutions; traditional universities to be found in its major cities of Gdańsk, Bydgoszcz, Katowice, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź,Olsztyn, Poznań, Rzeszów, Toruń, Warsaw and Wrocław as well as technical, medical, economic institutions elsewhere, employing around 61,000 workers. There are also around 300 research and development institutes, with about 10,000 more researchers. In total, there are around 91,000 scientists in Poland today.

According to a recent report by the European Commission, Poland ranks 21st on the list of EU states in the area of innovation. Conditions for knowledge creation are worsening, particularly because of a decline in business Research and development, from 0.28% of GDP in 1998 to 0.16% in 2003. Public R&D expenditures were 0.43% of GDP in 2003. The share of university R&D funded by the business sector has also declined, indicating that firms have not turned to outsourcing research to make up for declining R&D expenditures. Becasue of the very low levels of R&D, the process of transition of Poland to a knowledge economy is slow. For more info, see Innovation performance factsheet.

[سمادول] Telecommunication and IT

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The share of the telecom sector in the GDP is 4.4% (end of 2000 figure), compared to 2.5% in 1996. Nevertheless, despite high expenditures for telecom infrastructure (the coverage increased from 78 users per 1000 inhabitants in 1989 to 282 in 2000)
the coverage mobile cellular is 660 users per 1000 people (2005)

• Telephones - mobile cellular: 25.3 million (Raport Telecom Team 2005)
• Telephones - main lines in use: 12.5 million (Raport Telecom Team 2005)

[سمادول] Transportation

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• Rail: Poland's railways constitute one of the larger railway systems in the European Union, with 23,420 kilometres (14,552 miles) of network (1998). Access to track has been opened up to competition[1] as required by the EU. However, delays by successive Governments in reforming the state railway company, PKP[2], combined with the imposition of severe budgetary constraints, have caused a major cash crisis. Refurbishment of the network, bringing key routes into line with the standards on western European railway networks, is proceeding very slowly, and serious arrears of maintenance have resulted in the imposition of speed restrictions on many other lines. Line closures and the withdrawal of feeder services similar to those that took place in the UK under the 'Beeching Axe' have accelerated since 2000.
• Road: By Western European standards, Poland has a relatively poor infrastructure of expressways/highways. The Government has undertaken a programme to improve the standard of a number of significant national highways by 2013. The total length of expressways/highways is 364,657 kilometres (226,587 mi). There are a total of 9,283,000 registered passenger automobiles, as well as 1,762,000 registered trucks and buses (2000).
• Air: Poland has ten major airports (in decreasing order of traffic: Warsaw, Kraków, Katowice, Gdańsk, Wrocław, Poznań, Szczecin, Rzeszów, Bydgoszcz and Łódź), a total of 123 airports and airfields, as well as three heliports. The number of passengers at Polish airports has consistently increased since 1991.
• Marine: The total length of navigable rivers and canals is 3,812 kilometres (2,369 mi). The merchant marine consists of 114 ships, with an additional 100 ships registered outside the country. The principal ports and harbours are: Port of Gdańsk, Port of Gdynia, Port of Szczecin, Port of Świnoujście, Port of Ustka, Port of Kolobrzeg, Gliwice, Warsaw, Wrocław.

[سمادول] Demographics

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Poland formerly played host to many languages, cultures, and religions. However, the outcome of World War II and the following shift westwards to the area between the Curzon line and the Oder-Neisse line gave Poland an appearance of homogeneity. Today 36,983,700 people, or 96.74% of the population considers itself Polish (Census 2002), 471,500 (1.23%) declared another nationality. 774,900 people (2.03%) didn't declare any nationality. The officially recognized ethnic minorities include: Germans, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Jews and Belarusians. The Polish language, a member of the West Slavic branch of the Slavic languages, functions as the official language of Poland. Most Poles adhere to the Roman Catholic faith, 89.8% are Catholic with 75% counting as practicing Catholics. The rest of the population consists mainly of Eastern Orthodox (about 509 500), Jehovah's Witnesses (about 123 034) and various Protestant (about 86 880 in the largest Evangelical-Augsburg Church and about as many in smaller churches) religious minorities. [3]

In recent years Poland's population has stopped increasing because of an increase in emigration and a sharp drop in the birth rate. In 2005 the census office estimated the total population of Poland at 38,173,835, a slight fall on the 2002 figure of 38,230,080. Since Poland's accession to the European Union, a significant number of Polish people have moved to work in West European countries like the UK and Ireland.

[سمادول] کلتور/فرهڼ

Template:Seesubarticle Polish culture has a rich thousand-year history influenced from both west and east. Today, we can see these influences in Polish architecture, folklore and art. Poland has also been under cultural influence from countries such as Italy, Ottoman Empire, France and USA. Pope John Paul II, Fryderyk Chopin, Mikołaj Copernicus, Lech Wałęsa, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Adam Mickiewicz, Jan Matejko, Roman Polański, Witold Gombrowicz and many others came from Poland. Template:Sect-stub

[سمادول] Cuisine

Main article: Polish cuisine

Famous Polish meals include bigos, kiełbasa, barszcz (borscht), czernina (duck blood soup),schabowy z kapustą, pierogi, gołąbki and various potato dishes.

[سمادول] نړېوال وېش

• Human Development Index 2005: Rank 36th out of 177 countries.
• Reporters Without Borders world-wide press freedom index 2005: Rank 53rd out of 167 countries.
• Index of Economic Freedom 2005: Rank 41st out of 155 countries.
• Summary Innovation Index 2005: Rank 21st out of 25 countries

[سمادول] دا هم وګورۍ

• Tourism in Poland
• د پولېنډ رخصتيانې
• Extreme points of Poland
• List of castles of Poland
• List of cities in Poland
• List of Poland-related topics
• List of Poles
• Polish Armed Forces
• Voivodeships of Poland

[سمادول] سرچينې

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[سمادول] باندنۍ تړنې

[سمادول] حکومتي ادارې

• Sejm - Sejm - lower chamber of the Parliament
• Senat - Senate - upper chamber of the Parliament
• Prezydent - President of the Republic of Poland
• KPRM - Prime Minister's Office
• Sąd Najwyższy - Supreme Court
• Trybunał Konstytucyjny - Constitutional Tribunal
• National Bank of Poland
• The Poland.pl portal
• Warsaw Stock Exchange
• GUS - Central Statistical Office
• Constitution of Poland

[سمادول] په پولېنډ کې ګرځندويي

• Polish Guide of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (poland.gov.pl)
• Polish National Tourist Office (poland-tourism.pl, a part of pot.gov.pl)
• Template:Wikitravel
• Parks in Poland National parks, wetlands, biosphere reserves and other protected areas

[سمادول] English-language websites on Poland

• poland.gov.pl - the governmental page about Poland for international visitors
• Polish Forums - discussions about Poland and Polish people
• Centreurope.org: Poland section
• World History Database Chronology of Poland
• Poland main cities satellite views. Latitude and longitude coordinates

[سمادول] English-language news on Poland

• Warsaw Voice, an English-language newspaper
• Warsaw Business Journal, an English-language newspaper
• PolBlog - Polish News Site
• - Google News listing stories about Poland

[سمادول] French-language news on Poland

• Święta Polska News, a French-language newspaper about Poland and Polish communities all over the World

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