Railway electrification in Great Britain

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Contents 1 History 2 Facts and Figures 3 Systems no longer used 3.1 500V DC, Overhead Line 3.2 525V DC, Third Rail 3.3 600V DC, Third Rail 3.4 650V DC, Third Rail 3.5 1200V DC, Third Rail (Side-Contact) 3.6 1500V DC, Overhead 3.7 3500V DC, Overhead 3.8 6250V (6.25kV), 50Hz AC, Overhead Line 3.9 6600V (6.6 kV), 25 Hz AC, Overhead 4 Existing Systems - Conductor Rail Type (Third and Fourth Rails) 4.1 600V DC, Third Rail 4.2 630V DC, Fourth Rail 4.3 650V-850V DC, Third rail "Southern Electric" 4.4 650V - 850V DC, Third rail ('Other') 4.5 750V DC, Third rail (Bottom Contact) 5 Existing Systems - Overhead Line (OHL) Type 5.1 1500V DC, Overhead 5.2 25000V (25 kV), 50 Hz AC, Overhead Line 5.2.1 London, Tilbury and Southend (LTS) 5.2.2 Great Eastern Main Line (GEML) 5.2.3 West Anglia 5.3 25-0-25 kV, 50 Hz AC, Overhead Line, Auto-Transformer 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 9 Further reading 9.1 525V, d.c., Third Rail 9.2 630V, d.c., Fourth Rail 9.3 650V, d.c., Third Rail 9.4 750V, d.c., Third Rail 9.5 1500V, d.c., Overhead Line 9.6 6600V, 25Hz a.c., Overhead Line 9.7 25kV, 50Hz a.c., Overhead Line

Railway electrification in Great Britain describes the various electrification systems that are used, or have been used, for supplying traction current to the railways and tramways of Great Britain. The article includes a chronological record of development, and a list of the lines using each system, while for each system a history and a technical description is provided.

[edit] History

Railway electrification as a means of traction emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. It offered several benefits over the then predominate steam traction, particularly in respect of its quick acceleration (ideal for urban (metro) and suburban (commuter) services) and power (ideal for heavy freight trains through mountainous/hilly sections). A plethora of systems emerged in the first twenty years of the twentieth century (as listed below). In 1928 a government committee agreed 1500V DC overhead as the national standard, although little work was done to implement this and the plethora of different systems continued to exist (and even expand).

After World War II, with nationalisation (1948), British Railways expanded electrification (the 1500V DC overhead and Southern Region third rail systems) but soon (mid 1950s) adopted 25 kV AC overhead for its proposed mainline electrification.

Despite the following years of minimal capital investment, the 25 kV AC network has continued to expand, slowly, although large areas of the country are still non-electrified, despite their urban, suburban, hilly or intercity nature.

[edit] Facts and Figures

As of 2006, 40% (3,062 miles / 4,928 km) of the British rail network is electrified and 60% of all rail journeys are by electric traction (both by locomotives and multiple units).

According to Network Rail, 64% of the electrified network uses the 25 kV a.c. overhead system and 36% uses the 660/750 V d.c. third rail system.

[edit] Systems no longer used

Great Britain has used a number of different electrification systems in the past. Many of these date from the early part of the 20th century when electricity was being experimented with for traction purposes. This section describes each system, in order of increasing voltage.

[edit] 500V DC, Overhead Line

• Grimsby and Immingham Railway

[edit] 525V DC, Third Rail

• Liverpool Overhead Railway

The Liverpool Overhead Railway was one of the earliest electric railways in Great Britain. The first section between Alexandra Dock and Herculaneum Dock was opened in 1893. The line connected with Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's North Mersey Branch. It was never nationalised and it closed on the 30th December 1956 due to extensive corrosion throughout its iron infrastructure (which was deemed uneconomical to replace).

[edit] 600V DC, Third Rail

• Tyneside Electrics

This was originally electrified in 1904, in response to extensive competition from new electric trams. The concept was a success for the North Eastern Railway (NER) a noted early pioneer in electrification, as passenger numbers returned to pre Tram levels.^[1] As the stock reached life expectancy in 1937, the network was remodelled by London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) to reflect the changing industrial and residential makeup of the area.^[2] British Rail brought in third-rail stock (12 2EPBs) from the Southern Region in 1955. The system was de-electrified by British Rail in between 1963 and 1967, citing the changing industrial and population makeup of the area, reducing the need for electric traction. In a "interesting" reversal of policy much of the Tyneside network was re-electrified using a 1500 V d.c., overhead line system (see below) as the Tyne and Wear Metro.

[edit] 650V DC, Third Rail

• Swansea and Mumbles Railway

[edit] 1200V DC, Third Rail (Side-Contact)

• Manchester Victoria - Bury

In 1917 the line between Manchester Victoria and Bury was electrified using a 1200 V d.c. third rail (side contact) system. The line between Bury and Holcombe Brook that had been electrified using 3500 V d.c. overhead system in 1913 was converted to this system in 1918. This system was abandoned in 1991 when the line was converted to a 750 V d.c. overhead system and became part of the Manchester Metrolink. [1] and [2]

[edit] 1500V DC, Overhead

In the wake of World War I, the British Government set up a committee to investigate the various systems of railway electrification and in 1928 it reported that 1500 V DC overhead should be the future national standard. Several schemes (see below) were implemented in its wake, although the Great Depression and World War II meant very little work was done. Technological advances post-war saw a government U-turn and the 25 kV a.c. system was adopted instead, for the West Coast Main line and Glasgow suburban electrification, as set out in the 1955 BR modernisation plan - at the same time the large amounts of money had/were still being spent converting several lines to 1500 V DC.

• Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway

A joint LMS and LNER effort, opened on 11 May 1931, it was a test bed for both companies for the new standard (which at the time had not been implemented in the UK) in this largely self-contained busy suburban line.  The success of this scheme propelled LNER's later electrification efforts.  The line was converted to 25kV a.c. in 1971 but, the stretch between Altrincham Railway Station and Trafford Bar Metrolink station , plus the stretch between Trafford Bar and the Cornbrook viaduct were incorporated into Manchester Metrolink.^[3]

• Manchester-Sheffield-Wath

Known as the Woodhead Route. The LNER chose this hilly and busy mainline for its first mainline electrification, with work starting in 1936 [3]. Due to the depression and World War Two it wasn't completed until the 1950s. However upon completion the government chose to standardise on 25kV a.c. instead, leaving the Woodhead Route and the few other 1500V d.c. lines isolated and non-standard. Subsequent rationalisation by BR saw much of this route closed east of Hadfield in 1981 (in favour of the more southerly Hope Valley Line, which serves more local communities). The remaining stub in Manchester was converted to 25kV a.c. in December 1984.

• Shenfield Metro

LNER decided to electrify the Shenfield to Liverpool Street section of the Great Eastern Main Line (GEML), known as the Shenfield Metro. Civil engineering works began in the 1930s but World War Two intervened. Work was completed in 1949 and extended to Chelmsford in 1956 using 306 (AM6) EMUs.^[4] It was converted to the new standard of 25 kV a.c., initially with some sections at 6.25 kV a.c., on 4th to 6th November 1960, in the wake of the 1955 BR Modernisation plan that called for 25 kV a.c. to be the new standard. The rest of the GEML was subsequently electrified.

• Shildon to Newport

This line ran from Shildon (County Durham) to Newport (near Sunderland). In the wake of the electrification of Tyneside by the NER, this coal carrying line was electrified, as a precursor to electrifying NER's busy York to Newcastle mainline (Part of the ECML). It was dismantled by LNER around 1934/1935. [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]

[edit] 3500V DC, Overhead

• Bury to Holcombe Brook

This was electrified by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1913 as part of a trial system for export. The system was converted to third rail in 1918 (see above). [9]

[edit] 6250V (6.25kV), 50Hz AC, Overhead Line

During the initial electrification of parts of the network to 25 kV, 50 Hz a.c. overhead the initial solution to the limited clearance problems in suburban areas (due to numerous tunnels and bridges) – notably London and Glasgow – was to use the lower voltage of 6.25 kV, 50 Hz a.c. overhead. Latter technological improvements in insulation allowed these area to be converted to 25 kV, 50 Hz a.c. overhead. The last sections of 6.25 kV, 50 Hz a.c. overhead were converted to 25 kV, 50 Hz a.c. overhead in the 1980s and this system of electrification is now obsolete in the UK.

• London, Tilbury and Southend (LTS)
  • The majority of the line was electrified at 6.25 kV a.c. overhead in the early 1960s. Some sections were able to be electrified using 25 kV a.c. overhead from the outset. The sections electrified at 6.25 kV a.c. overhead were converted to 25 kV a.c. overhead in the early 1980s.

• Shenfield Metro
  • The line was originally electrified at 1500V d.c. overhead in the 1950s. In the early 1960s the line was converted to 6.25 kV a.c. overhead. In the early 1980s the line was converted for a second time to 25 kV a.c. overhead.

• Glasgow Suburban network
  • The majority of the network was originally electrified at 6.25 kV a.c. overhead in the early 1960s. Some sections were able to electrified using 25 kV a.c. overhead from the outset. The sections electrified at 6.25 kV a.c. overhead were converted to 25 kV a.c. overhead in the early 1980s.
  • North Clyde Line - the central area, Springburn, Bridgeton and Milngavie branches and the Yoker loop)
  • Cathcart Circle Line
  • See SPT and Transport in Glasgow

[edit] 6600V (6.6 kV), 25 Hz AC, Overhead

• Lancaster to Heysham via Morecambe (Morecambe Branch Line)
• LBSCR's London urban/metro lines

[edit] Existing Systems - Conductor Rail Type (Third and Fourth Rails)

[edit] 600V DC, Third Rail

• Glasgow Subway

This was electrified in 1935.

[edit] 630V DC, Fourth Rail

The London Underground is a large metro system operating across London, and beyond, commonly known as "the Tube". The 408 km (253 miles)^[5] network is made up of 12 lines and has been electrified for some time, starting in the 1890s. The network was largely unified between 1900-1902 and nationalised in 1933 becoming the railway component of London Transport (LT). A major expansion programme, the "New Works", was immediately launched, which saw LT take over several urban branches of mainline railways.

The London Underground network has traditionally been located in north London. In south London, expansion was limited by the poor geology (for building tunnels) and the extensive above-ground railway network already in that area, this being soon electrified (see "Southern Electric").

Due to its early pioneering work, the Underground uses a relatively obscure four rail system of electrification. Two rails, at standard gauge spacing, are the running rails for the trains; the outer - "third" - rail carries a positive current at +420 V DC, while the inner, middle - "fourth" - rail is a negative return of –210 V DC, giving an equivalent supply voltage of +630 V DC.

The system shares track with Network Rail in several places. Some of these are non-electrified sections of the national rail network (e.g. Chiltern Railways out of Marylebone station), and diesel trains are used (by Network Rail). The suburban network of London North Western Railway (LNWR) was electrified in co-operation with London Underground, however in the 1970s British Rail introduced common, third-rail EMUs and the sections of the LNWR suburban network not used by the Underground had the fourth rail removed (see London and North Western Railway section below).

[edit] 650V-850V DC, Third rail "Southern Electric"

The LSWR third rail system (at 660V DC) constructed prior to World War One out of Waterloo, to various suburban destinations. With grouping in the wake of World War One to form Southern Railway, the LSWR method of electrification was adopted. The 1920s saw LBSCR's 6600V AC overhead suburban network replaced with third rail (1928/29). The Third rail extended throughout most South London lines under Southern control quickly (LBSCR and SECR), out all its London termini. The 1930s saw a wave of mainline electrification with the Brighton mainline (1932/33, including East and West Coastways and other related routes), followed by Portsmouth Direct (4 July 1937), and mid-Kent (Maidstone and Gillingham 1939).

World War Two was extensive damage to the region, but electrification was soon resumed under the newly nationalised British Rail's southern region. The 1955 BR modernisation plan, with the two stage "Kent Coast Electrification". The Chatham mainline was completed first, followed by SER mainline and related lines. At this time voltage used was changed from 660V DC to 750V DC.^[6] Since then all further electrification has used 750V DC, but the lines electrified before this time remain at 660V DC. Attention then switched to the neglected LSWR region (now titled the South Western Division). The South Western Main Line (SWML) to Southampton and Bournemouth was electrified in 1967, as was the Island Line.^[7]

Under sectorisation in the 1980s, Network SouthEast conducted extensive infill electrification. The SWML was completed to Weymouth 1988. The Snow Hill tunnel was reopened, enabling Thameslink. The Hastings Line, Eastleigh to Fareham Line, Oxted Line - East Grinstead branch were also electrified. This left only a few generally isolated, rural lines and freight branches unelectrified (West of England Main Line, North Downs Line, Marshlink Line, and Oxted Line - Uckfield branch).

[edit] 650V - 850V DC, Third rail ('Other')

Third-rail lines that were not formerly part of the Southern Region of British Railways:

• Merseyrail

This uses a 650 V system. A history can be found here. See also The L&YRS.

• London and North Western Railway

• Euston and Broad Street to Watford Junction and Croxley Green (Watford DC Line)
• Richmond - North Woolwich (North London Line),

A short history can be found here and [10]. In 1970 the North London dc lines and the Class 501 EMUs used on these services were converted for 3rd rail only operation, with (as general theme) the fourth rail being removed on sections of lines not used by LUL stock. Some 4th rail was retained in the Gunnersbury and Queens Park areas for emergency use by LUL trains. With the closure of Broad Street, the NLL was joined with former Broad Street to North Woolwich via Stratford line, to extend the NLL - this section was electrified for the first time with third rail and OLE as far as Stratford and just third rail to North Woolwich. Two branches off the Watford DC Line have been closed; the branch to Rickmansworth was closed in 1952 (to passengers, goods 1967) and the branch to Croxley Green closed in 1996.

• The Watford DC Line between Queens Park and Harrow & Wealdstone features track sharing with Silverlink Metro trains, designed for 750 V third rail, and Bakerloo Line trains designed for 630 V third and fourth rail. As a compromise the nominal line voltage is set at 650 V, and the centre rail is bonded to the running rails, whereas in normal London Underground usage the traction supply floats with the centre rail at nominally -210 V and the outer rail at nominally +420 V. giving 630 V overall.

• The North London Line between Richmond and Gunnersbury features track sharing withSilverlink Metro trains, designed for 750 V third rail, and District Line trains designed for 630 V third and fourth rail. As a compromise the nominal line voltage is set at 660 V, and the centre rail is bonded to the running rails. A similar arrangement also applies on the District Line between Putney Bridge and Wimbledon stations, where District Line trains operate of tracks also used by South West Trains, although the latter are not normally in passenger service.

• Northern City Line

Main article: Northern City Line

The Northern City Line connects the East Coast Main Line to Moorgate - It was a former main line taken over by the Underground and turned into a tube line. It was however isolated by the abandonment of the 1930s "New Works" programme (and the development of the greenbelt). Tube services were further truncated by the new Victoria Line in 1964 (which truncated the northern end of the line to Drayton Park). The remainder was handed over to BR in 1975 in conjunction with the suburban electrification of the East Coast Main Line. The line uses 25kV AC overhead and Third Rail DC electification, (with the switchover occurring with trains in the platform at Drayton Park).

[edit] 750V DC, Third rail (Bottom Contact)

• Docklands Light Railway

This system uses a bottom-contact third rail. The third rail uses a composite conductor rail comprised of an aluminium body with a steel contact surface. The benefit of this is a low-resistance, high current capacity rail that has a durable steel surface for the current collection shoegear of the train.

[edit] Existing Systems - Overhead Line (OHL) Type

[edit] 1500V DC, Overhead

Tyne and Wear Metro

Despite the abandonment in favour of 25 kV a.c. overhead in the 1950's, large parts of the former "Tyneside Electrics" routes (which had been electrified using third rail until the 1960's when BR discontinued the "non-standard" equipment in favour of diesels) were rebuilt as the "Tyne and Wear Metro" in the 1970's. Styled as "Light Rail" it is in practice normal heavy rail, and even shares the Durham Coast Line with the rail network (unlike the other tram systems in the UK which operate alongside but on separate rights of way).

[edit] 25000V (25 kV), 50 Hz AC, Overhead Line

[edit] London, Tilbury and Southend (LTS)

The majority of this line was originally electrified at 6.25kV AC overhead. It was converted to 25kV AC Overhead in the early 1960s.

[edit] Great Eastern Main Line (GEML)

• Converted from 1500V DC (see 1500V DC section "Shenfield Metro"
• Converted from 6.25kV AC overhead and 1500V DC overhead
• Romford to Upminster Line
• Shenfield to Southend Line
• Crouch Valley Line
• Braintree Branch Line
• Colchester to Clacton Line
• Mayflower Line

[edit] West Anglia

This covers the lines from London Liverpool Street (Bethnal Green Jn) to Chingford, Enfield Town, Hertford East, and Cambridge. The line was first electrified in the 1960s when the lines to Chingford, Enfield Town and Cheshunt were electrified at electrified at 6.25 kV, 50 Hz a.c., overhead. The line from Cheshunt to Bishops Stortford and Hertford East was electrified at 25 kV, 50 Hz a.c., overhead. The Lea Valley line between Coppermill Junction and Cheshunt was electrified at 25 kV in 1969. All of the 6.25 kV areas were converted to 25 kV in 1983. In 1987 electrification was extended from Bishops Stortford to Cambridge using 25 kV. In 1990, the line to Stansted Airport opened, and in 1992, electrification was further extended from Cambridge to Kings Lynn.

• East Coast Main Line (ECML)

Electrified in two parts, the first between 1975 and 1978 and the second between 1984 and 1991.

The line between London (Kings Cross) and Royston was electrified between 1976 and 1978 as part of the Great Northern Suburban Electrification Project. This included the Hertford Loop Line.

In 1984, authority was given to electrify to Edinburgh and Leeds. The section between Hitchin and Peterborough was completed in 1987, and Doncaster and York were reached in 1989. By 1990 electrification had reached Newcastle, and in 1991 the final section to Edinburgh was completed.

In order to keep the construction teams busy two additional schemes were authorised that extended electrification to Carstairs and to North Berwick (North Berwick Line).

At the peak of electrification works in the late 1980's it claimed to be the "longest construction site in the world" at over 400 km.

• Midland Main Line (MML)

Electrified between London (St Pancras) and Bedford in 1983. The branch from Dock Junction to Moorgate was also electrified.

See also Thameslink

• West Coast Main Line (WCML)

Electrified from the late 1950s to the mid 1960s under the 1955 BR modernisation plan as far as Crewe (and branches), it was extended to Scotland in the 1970s.

• Northampton - see Northampton Loop Line
• Birmingham (New Street) - see Rugby-Birmingham-Stafford Line
• Liverpool (Lime Street)
• Manchester (Piccadilly) - see Stafford to Manchester Line and Crewe to Manchester Line.
• Glasgow (Central) - in 1974 from Weaver Junction.
• The associated "Abbey Flyer" (St Albans Branch Line) was electrified 1987-88 by Network SouthEast
• Edinburgh (Waverley) in 1989 (from Carstairs Junction in conjunction with ECML electrification).
• In 2003 Crewe to Kidsgrove section of the Crewe to Derby Line was electrified as a diversionary route for the WCML.

Since 1999 the line has been modernised and the overhead line equipment has undergone a program of refurbishment and renewal as part of works to increase train speeds from 110mph to 125mph.

• Edinburgh

1989 saw the electrification of the ECML which goes through Edinburgh, at the time a few local routes were electrified, but the majority of local services are unelectrified.

• Edinburgh Crossrail - Only Edinburgh Waverley to Newcraighall, currently the service is by DMUs, pending reopening of part of the Waverley Line
• North Berwick Line - Edinburgh Waverley to North Berwick, with some extensions to Edinburgh Haymarket.
• Glasgow to Edinburgh via Carstairs Line - Some North Berwick Line trains continue to Glasgow Central. GNER intercity trains (from the ECML) continue to Glasgow Central.

– see also: Transport in Edinburgh

• Glasgow Suburban

Suburban electrification was started in the 1960s in the wake of the 1955 BR modernisation plan. Electrification was piecemeal over the preceding year and is still incomplete with several suburban, rural and inter city lines still unelectrified. Rail expansion plans call for reopening of the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link, connecting the North Clyde Line and Edinburgh to Bathgate Line. See also: SPT and Transport in Glasgow.

The Glasgow Suburban railway network can be split into three main areas;

North Clyde

• Also known as "Glasgow North Electric Suburban Line", This was one of the first lines in Glasgow to be electrified in 1960. Helensburgh Central, Balloch and Milngavie to Glasgow Queen Street (Low Level) and out to Springburn and Drumgelloch.

South Clyde

• Cathcart Circle Line - ( Glasgow Central to Newton and Neilston) was electrified on 22nd May 1962^[8]
• Inverclyde Line - (Glasgow Central to Gourock and Wemyss Bay), this was electrified in 1967.^[8]

• Ayrshire Coast Line - Glasgow Central to Ayr, Largs and Ardrossan Harbour, electrified in 1986/87. See The Rebirth of AyrLine: Electrification to Ayr / Ardrossan / Largs - 1986/1987

West Coast Main Line

• Argyle Line - Dalmuir and Milngavie via Glasgow Central (Low Level) to Hamilton Circle, Larkhall, Lanark and Carstairs (via a variety of lines via Hamilton, Motherwell or Holytown). There is also a peak time branch to Coatbridge Central

• Glasgow to Edinburgh via Carstairs Line - Some North Berwick Line trains continue to Glasgow Central. GNER intercity trains (from the ECML) continue to Glasgow Central.

• Motherwell to Cumbernauld Line - The Motherwell to Coatbridge section is electrified, but the Coatbridge to Cumbernauld section of the line is not.

• Paisley Canal Line - Electrified only as far as Corkerhill (from Glasgow Central)

• Shotts Line - The central section (Holytown Junction to Kirknewton) is not electrified, however both ends are electrified, as they are shared with the WCML, Argyle Line and ECML.

• Whifflet Line - The section that follows the WCML (Glasgow Central to Rutherglen) is electrified, the rest of the line to Whifflet is not.

• Leeds area

The main line to Leeds from London (via Wakefield Westgate) was electrified in 1990. In 1994, a project to electrify some of the local lines around Leeds was given authority to proceed. The project was called the "Leeds North West Electrification", and was intended to electrify the lines from Leeds to Bradford (Forster Sqaure), Skipton (Airedale Line) and Ilkley (Wharfedale Line).

• Manchester area -

• Manchester to Glossop / Hadfield (converted from the truncated 1,500V DC Manchester-Sheffield-Wath electric railway),
• Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (although part of this line was converted to the Manchester Metrolink)
• Manchester Airport Line (although primarily operated by diesel multiple units)
• Stafford to Manchester Line - branch of WCML, electrifed in the wake of the 1955 BR Modernisation plan.
• Crewe to Manchester Line - branch of WCML, electrifed in the wake of the 1955 BR Modernisation plan.

• West Midlands area

A few lines out of New Street mainly related to the West Coast Main Line.

• Trent Valley Line - WCML, 1964.
• Rugby-Birmingham-Stafford Line - WCML, 1966.
• Birmingham Cross-City Line - Electrified in the early 1990s, re-opening in 1993.
• Walsall Line - Electrified from New Street to Walsall.

• Great Western Main Line (GWML)

Electrified in 1994 between London Paddington and Heathrow Airport. This scheme was a joint venture between the British Railways Board and the British Airports Authority.

See Heathrow Express and Heathrow Connect

• London Crossrail (Proposed)

[edit] 25-0-25 kV, 50 Hz AC, Overhead Line, Auto-Transformer

• Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL)

The first time that an auto-transformer system has been used in the UK.

• West Coast Main Line (WCML)

Currently in use between Ashton (north of Milton Keynes) and Hillmorton (south of Rugby), but planned to be extended along most of the route between London and Glasgow.

[edit] See also

• Suburban electrification of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
• Manchester-Sheffield-Wath electric railway

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Citytransport.info's Electrification advocacy page
• Kent Rail
• Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Society
• Southern E Group
• Southern Electric Group
• Suburban Electric Railway Association

[edit] Further reading

[edit] 525V, d.c., Third Rail

• Box, Charles E. (1959). Liverpool Overhead Railway. Railway World Ltd.. 
• Gahan, John W. (1992). Seventeen stations to Dingle - The Liverpool Overhead Railway remembered. Countyvise and Avon-Anglia. ISBN 0-907768-20-2. 
• Bolger, Paul (1992). The Docker's Umbrella - A History of Liverpool Overhead Railway. The Bluecoat Press. ISBN 1-872568-05-X. 
• Jarvis, Adrian (1996). Portrait of the Liverpool Overhead Railway. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2468-5. 

[edit] 630V, d.c., Fourth Rail

• Glover, John (2003). London's Underground (10th Edition). Ian Allan. ISBN 0 7110 2935 0. 

[edit] 650V, d.c., Third Rail

• Maund, T.B. (2001). Merseyrail Electrics - The Inside Story. NBC Books. ISBN 0-9531896-1-3. 

[edit] 750V, d.c., Third Rail

• Moody, G.T. (1979). Southern Electric 1909-1979. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0924-4. 
• Glover, John (2001). Southern Electric. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2807-9. 

[edit] 1500V, d.c., Overhead Line

• Appleby, K.C. (1990). Shildon - Newport in Retrospect. ISBN 0-901115-67-3. 
• Dixon, Frank (1994). The Manchester South Junction & Altrincham Railway. The Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-454-7. 

[edit] 6600V, 25Hz a.c., Overhead Line

• Goslin, Geoff (2002). London's Elevated Electric Railway - The LBSCR Suburban Overhead Electrification 1909-1929. Connor & Butler Ltd. ISBN 0-947669-35-X. 

[edit] 25kV, 50Hz a.c., Overhead Line

• Nock, O.S. (1966). Britain's New Railway. Ian Allan. 
• Nock, O.S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0530-3. 
• Boocock, Colin (1991). East Coast Electrification. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1979-7. 
• Semmens, Peter (1991). Electrifying the East Coast Route. Patrick Stephens Ltd.. ISBN 0-85059-929-6. 
• Glover, John (2003). Eastern Electric. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2934-2.