Saint Boniface
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- For other uses, see Saint Boniface (disambiguation).
- "Boniface" redirects here. For the singer known as "Boniface", see Bruce Boniface.
| Saint Boniface of Mainz or Fulda | |
|---|---|
 Boniface |
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| Bishop and Martyr | |
| Born | c. 672, Crediton, Wessex |
| Died | June 5, 754, Frisia, Frankish Empire |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church |
| Major shrine | Fulda |
| Feast | June 5 |
| Attributes | ax, book; fountain; fox; oak; raven; scourge; sword |
| Patronage | brewers; file cutters; Fulda; The Netherlands and Germany; tailors; World Youth Day |
 Saints Portal |
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Saint Boniface (Latin: Bonifacius; German: Bonifatius; c. 672 – June 5, 754), the Apostle of the Germans, born Winfrid or Wynfrith at Crediton in Devon, England, was a missionary who propagated Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He is the patron saint of Germany and the Netherlands.[1][2]
He was killed in Frisia in 754. [3]
Contents |
[edit] Early life
Born at Crediton, Devon, Winfrid was of good family, and it was somewhat against his father's wishes that he devoted himself at an early age to the monastic life. He received his theological training in the Benedictine monasteries of Adescancastre, near Exeter and Nursling, between Winchester and Southampton, under the abbot Winbert. Winfrid taught in the abbey school and at the age of 30 became a priest. He wrote the first Latin grammar produced in England.
[edit] First Mission to Frisia
In 716, Winfrid set out on a missionary expedition to Frisia, intending to convert the inhabitants by preaching to them in their own language, his own Anglo-Saxon language being similar to Frisian. His efforts, however, were frustrated by the war then being carried on between Charles Martel and Radbod, king of the Frisians, and he returned to Nursling.
[edit] Thor's Oak and the Conversion of the Northern Germanic Tribes
Winfrid again set out in 718, visited Rome, and was commissioned in 719 by Pope Gregory II, who gave him his new name of Boniface. He set out to evangelize in Germany and reorganize the church there. For five years Boniface laboured in Hesse, Thuringia, and Frisia, and on November 30, 722, he was elevated to bishop of the Germanic territories he would bring into the fold of the Roman Church.
In 723, Boniface felled the holy oak tree dedicated to Thor near the present-day town of Fritzlar in northern Hesse. He did this with Elijah in mind. Boniface called upon Thor to strike him down if he cut the "holy" tree. According to St. Boniface's first biographer, his contemporary Saint Willibald, Boniface started to chop the oak down, when suddenly a great wind, as if by miracle, blew the ancient oak over. When Thor did not stike him down, the people converted to Christianity. He built a chapel from its wood at the site where today stands the cathedral of Fritzlar. Later he established the first bishopric in Germany north of the old Roman Limes at the Frankish fortified settlement of Büraburg, on a prominent hill facing the town across the Eder River.
The felling of Thor's Oak is commonly regarded as the beginning of German Christianization. From that point on, Boniface went directly to the high places of the pagans and first struck them down, which inadvertently was to cause his death. In 732, he traveled again to Rome to report, and Gregory II conferred upon him the pallium as archbishop with jurisdiction over Germany. Boniface again set out for what is now Germany, baptized thousands, and dealt with the problems of many other Christians who had fallen out of contact with the regular hierarchy of the Catholic church. During his third visit to Rome in 737–38, he was made papal legate for Germany. In 745, he was granted Mainz as metropolitan see.
Tradition credits Boniface with the invention of the Christmas tree. The Oak of Thor at Geismar was chopped down by Boniface in a stage-managed confrontation with the old gods and local heathen tribes. A fir tree growing in the roots of the Oak was claimed by Boniface as a new symbol. "This humble tree's wood is used to build your homes: let Christ be at the centre of your households. Its leaves remain evergreen in the darkest days: let Christ be your constant light. Its boughs reach out to embrace and its top points to heaven: let Christ be your Comfort and Guide"[1]
After his third trip to Rome, Boniface went to Bavaria and founded there the bishoprics of Salzburg, Regensburg, Freising, and Passau.
In 742, one of his disciples, Sturm (also known as Sturmi, or Sturmius), founded the abbey of Fulda not far from Boniface's earlier missionary outpost at Fritzlar. Although Sturm was the founding abbot of Fulda, Boniface was very involved in the foundation. The initial grant for the abbey was signed by Carloman, the son of Charles Martel.
[edit] Boniface and the Carolingians
The support of the Frankish mayors of the palace (maior domos) and later the early Pippinid and Carolingian rulers, was essential for Boniface's work. Monasticism went from the Celts to the Anglo-Saxons and thence to the Carolingian kings. From the Anglo-Saxons, Boniface joined the papacy and the Carolingian kings and provided education for them. Charles Martel erected four dioceses in Bavaria (Salzburg, Regensburg, Freising, and Passau) and gave them Boniface as archbishop and metropolitan over all Germany east of the Rhine, with his seat at Mainz. Boniface had been under his protection from 723 on; indeed, the saint himself explained to his old friend, Daniel of Winchester, that without the protection of Charles Martel he could "neither administer his church, defend his clergy, nor prevent idolatry." The Christian Frankish leaders desired to defeat their rival power, the non-Christian Saxons, and to incorporate the Saxon lands into their own growing empire. Boniface's destruction of the indigenous Germanic faith and holy sites was, thus, an important part of the Frankish campaign against the Saxons. However, Boniface's motives are unmistakable; he wished first to spread the gospel.
Boniface balanced this support and attempted to maintain some independence, however, by attaining the support of the papacy and of the Agilolfing rulers of Bavaria. In Frankish, Hessian, and Thuringian territory, he established the dioceses of Büraburg, Würzburg, and Erfurt. He also organized provincial synods in the Frankish church and maintained a sometimes turbulent relationship with the king of the Franks, Pepin, whom he may have crowned at Soissons in 751. By appointing his own followers as bishops, he was able to retain some independence from the Carolingians, who most likely were content to give him leeway as long as Christianity was imposed on the Saxons and other Germanic tribes.
[edit] Last mission to Frisia
He had never relinquished his hope of converting the Frisians, and in 754 he set out with a small retinue for Frisia. He baptized a great number and summoned a general meeting for confirmation at a place not far from Dokkum, between Franeker and Groningen. Instead of his converts, however, a group of armed inhabitants appeared who slew the aged archbishop. This is called murder by his biographer, but the Frisians, according to their own law (The Lex Frisionum) had the right to kill him, since he had destroyed their shrines. Of course, the historicity of this episode is highly suspect. Boniface's hagiographer reports that the Frisians killed the saint because they believed the chests he carried with him contained gold and other riches, but were dismayed when they discovered that there were only the bishop's books contained within. The clearly allegorical significance of this passage, i.e., the pagans' rejection of divine or holy treasure in favor of worldly riches, casts doubt on the details of the entire episode.
His remains were eventually buried in the abbey of Fulda after resting for some time in Utrecht, and they are entombed within a shrine beneath the high altar of Fulda cathedral.
The forcible conversion of Germany up to the Elbe River was completed by Charlemagne, who destroyed the Saxons' independence, though not that of the Frisians, in the last decades of the eighth century.
[edit] Trivia
A famous statue of St. Boniface stands on the grounds of Mainz Cathedral. A more modern rendition stands facing the cathedral of Fritzlar. A statue of him was unveiled by Princess Margaret in his native Crediton, located in Newcombes Meadow Park. There is a wooden statue in the Anglican Church - see external link from Crediton. The UK National Shrine is located at the Roman Catholic church at Crediton, Devon, which has a bas-relief of the felling of Thor's Oak and a series of paintings by Timothy Moore.
His feast day is June 5 in the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Lutheran Church, and the Anglican Communion.
A cathedral has been dedicated to him in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It is called Saint Boniface Cathedral and is a landmark in the city.
Also a little-known fact is that he started the Christmas tree tradition that we know today. It is true other cultures had similar objects, but they were entirely different in meaning and purpose. The Christmas tree was created as a symbol of Christ's sacrifice on the Cross. The trees that Boniface cut down to demonstrate this were trees that were holy to the pagans. By cutting down the trees (after a startling scene), he was showing that their gods would not be able to rebuke him because they were not real. It also signified that there was only one holy tree, the cross upon which Jesus Christ had died.
A secondary school has been named after him: St. Boniface's Roman Catholic College. It is located in Plymouth, England.
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- Talbot, C. H., ed., The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany: Being the Lives of S.S. Willibrord, Boniface, Strum, Leoba and Lebuin, together with the Hodoeporicon of St. Willibald and a Selection from the Correspondence of St. Boniface, NY: Sheed and Ward, 1954.
English translation of original source material. Includes the first biography of St. Boniface, written by his 8th Century contemporary St. Willibald.
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.saintboniface.info/home
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9027821/Crediton
- ^ http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintb15.htm
Categories: 672 births | 754 deaths | Anglo-Saxon saints | Archbishops of Mainz | Christian history | Diplomats of the Holy See | Dutch clergy | Dutch saints | German saints | History of Catholicism in Germany | History of Germany | People from Crediton | Roman Catholic archbishops | Roman Catholic missionaries
