Mammiferi

Minn Wikipedija, l-enċiklopedija ħielsa.

Mammiferi Fossili minn: Tard fit-Triassiku - Reċenti
Tigra (Panthera tigris)
Scientific classification
Renju: Animalia Fajlum: Chordata Sottofajlum: Vertebrata Klassi: Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758
Ordnijiet
(ordnijiet estinti esklużi) Sottoklassi Prototheria Monotremata Sottoklassi Theria Infraklassi Metatheria Dasyuromorphia Didelphimorphia Diprotodontia Microbiotheria Notoryctemorphia Paucituberculata Peramelemorphia Infraklassi Eutheria Afrosoricida Artiodactyla Carnivora Cetacea Chiroptera Cingulata Dermoptera Erinaceomorpha Hyracoidea Lagomorpha Macroscelidea Perissodactyla Pholidota Pilosa Primates Proboscidea Rodentia Scandentia Sirenia Soricomorpha Tubulidentata

Il-mammiferi huma klassi ta' annimali vertebrati karatterizzati bil-presenza ta' glandoli mammarji, li fin-nisa jipproduċu l-ħalib, bil-presenza ta' xagħar, suf u endotermija jew annimali bid-demm sħun. Il-moħħ jirregola s-sistema endotermika u s-sistema ċirkolatorja, li tinkludi qalb maqsuma f'erba' kavitajiet. Mammiferi hemm 'il fuq minn 5,500 speċi (inkluż il-bniedem). Dawn imqassma bejn wieħed u ieħor ma' 1,200 ġeneru, 152 familja u 46 ordni, għalkemm dan ivarja skond ma' liema skema ta' klassifikazjoni wieħed jimxi.

Filoġenetikament, Mammalia tiġi definita bħala d-dixxendenti kollha tal-antenat komuni l-aktar reċenti tal- monotremati (eż., ekidni u platipi) u terjani (il-marsupjali u l-plaċentati).

Werrej 1 Anatomija tal-Mammiferi 1.1 Sistema Skeletrika 2 Klassifikazjoni 2.1 Sistema ta' klassifikazjoni użata f'artikli relatati 3 Referenzi 4 Links Esterni

[editja] Anatomija tal-Mammiferi

[editja] Sistema Skeletrika

Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-mammiferi għandhom 7 vertebri ċervikali (vertebri ta' l-għonq), inklużi il-friefet il-lejl, ġiraffi, ġrieden u l-bniedem. Ftit eċċezjonijiet huma il-lamantini u l-bradipi ta' 2 iswaba li għandhom 6 vertebri ċervikali u l-bradipi ta' 3 iswaba li għandhom 9 vertebri ċervikali.

Il-mammiferi ukoll għandhom 3 għadmiet f'kull widna u għadma 1 biss id-dentarja fuq kull naħa tax-xedaq t'isfel tal-ħalq, il-bqija tal-vertebrati kollha l-oħra li għandhom il-widnejn għandhom għadma 1 biss f'kull widna u minn tal-inqas 3 fuq kull naħa tax-xedaq. L-għadam tax-xedaq żejda fil-vertebrati l-oħra huwa maħsub li huma il-malleus u l-incus fil-widna tal-mammiferi.

[editja] Klassifikazjoni

[editja] Sistema ta' klassifikazjoni użata f'artikli relatati

Din ta' hawn taħt hija is-sistema ta' klassifikazjoni li ġiet adottata għal użu f'artikli relatati.

• Klassi Mammalia
  • Sottoklassi Prototheria
    • Ordni Monotremata: ekidni u platipi
  • Sottoklassi Theria: marsupjali u plaċentati
    • Infraklassi Metatheria (Marsupialia): marsupjali
      • Superordni Ameridelphia: marsupjali Amerikani
        • Ordni Didelphimorphia: opossumi
        • Ordni Paucituberculata: opossumi ġriedem ta' geddumhom twil
      • Superordni Australidelphia: marsupjali Awstraljani
        • Ordni Microbiotheria: Monito del monte jew Kolokolo
        • Ordni Dasyuromorphia: marsupjali karnivori
        • Ordni Notoryctemorphia: talpi marsupjali
        • Ordni Peramelemorphia: bandikuti u bandikuti fniek
        • Ordni Diprotodontia: kowali, wombati, kangaruni, possumi, etċ.
    • Infraklassi Eutheria (Placentalia): plaċentati
      • Superordni Xenarthra
        • Ordni Pilosa: bradipi u wikkiela n-nemel
        • Ordni Cingulata: armadilli
      • Superordni Afrotheria:
        • Afroinsectiphilia
          • Ordni Afrosorcida : tenreki u talpi tad-deheb
          • Ordni Macroscelidea: senġijiet
          • Ordni Tubulidentata: ħanżir ta' l-art
        • Paenungulata
          • Ordni Hyracoidea: iraċi
          • Ordni Proboscidea: iljunfanti
          • Ordni Sirenia: lamantini u dugongi
      • Superordni Euarchontoglires
        • Glires
          • Ordni Rodentia: ġrieden
          • Ordni Lagomorpha: fniek, liepri u piki
        • Euarchonta
          • Ordni Primates: primati
          • Ordni Scandentia: tupaji
          • Ordni Dermoptera: kolugi
      • Superordni Laurasiatheria
        • Ordni Soricomopha: ġriedem ta' geddumhom twil, talpi u solenodonti
        • Ordni Erinaceomorpha: qniefed
        • Ordni Chiroptera: friefet il-lejl
        • Ordni Perissodactyla: żwiemel, tapiri u rinoċeronti
        • Cetartiodactyla
          • Ordni Artiodactyla: ħnieżer, iġmla, ċriev, baqar, nagħaġ, etċ.
          • Ordni Cetacea: baleni u dniefel
        • Ferae
          • Ordni Carnivora: klieb, qtates, bumerini
          • Ordni Pholidota: pangolini

[editja] Referenzi

• Bergsten, Johannes. February 2005. "A review of long-branch attraction". Cladistics 21:163–193. (pdf version)

• Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine.Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, July 2006. pp. 1-46.

• McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8

• Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp. ISBN 0-801-85789-9

• Simpson, George Gaylord. 1945. "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85:1–350.

• William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, Mark S. Springer et al., Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics,Science, Vol 294, Issue 5550, 2348-2351 , 14 December 2001.

• Springer, Mark S., Michael J. Stanhope, Ole Madsen, and Wilfried W. de Jong. 2004. "Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree". Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19:430–438. (pdf version)

• Vaughan, Terry A., James M. Ryan, and Nicholas J. Capzaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy: Fourth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, 565 pp. ISBN 0-030-25034-X (Brooks Cole, 1999)

• Wilson, Don E., and Deeann M. Reeder (eds). 1993. Mammal Species of the World, 2nd edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1206 pp. ISBN 1-560-98217-9

• Jan Ole Kriegs, Gennady Churakov, Martin Kiefmann, Ursula Jordan, Juergen Brosius, Juergen Schmitz. (2006) Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals. PLoS Biol 4(4): e91.[1]

• Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds) Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.

[editja] Links Esterni

• North American Fossil Mammal Systematics Database.
• Paleocene Mammals, a site covering the rise of the mammals
• Evolution of Mammals, a brief introduction to early mammals
• The Evolution of Mesozoic Mammals, a Rough Sketch, an informal introduction
• Carnegie Museum of Natural History, some discoveries of early mammal fossils
• Mammal Taxonomy, database of mammals of the world, updated each month
• Mammal Species, collection of information sheets about various mammal species
• Mammal Species of the World, searchable online version of 2nd edition (1993) of Mammal Species of the World
• Summary of molecular support for Epitheria
• Mammals (Mammalia) facts and photography - Wild Animals Online encyclopedia
• Marine Mammals of the World - An overview of all marine mammals, including descriptions, multimedia and a key
• Mikko's Phylogeny Archive