آذربايجان

From Wikipedia

د سهېل لوېديځ ايران د سيمې لپاره، ايراني آذربايجان وګورۍ.

Azərbaycan Respublikası
د آذربايجان جمهوريت

بېرغ نښان
Motto: none
ملي ترانه: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Himni
پلازمېنه	Baku 40°22′ N 49°53′ E
لوی ښار	Baku
(رسمي ژبه/ ژبې)	آذربايجاني
حکومت ولسمشر لومړی وزير	Representative democracy الهام آليېف Artur Rasizade
خپلواکي  - Declared  - Formerly	From the Soviet Union August 30, 1991 Azerbaijan SSR
مساحت  • ټولټال    • اوبه (%)	86,600 km² {{{مساحتي وېش}}} 33,436 mi²  negligible
د وګړو شمېر  • 2005 est.  • 2000 census  • ګڼه ګونه	{{{د وګړو اټکل}}} (91st) N/A 90/km² (81st) {{{د وګړو ګڼه ګونهmi²}}}/mi²
GDP (PPP)  • ټولټال  • Per capita	2004 estimate $37,841,000,000 (87th) $4,500 (112th)
HDI (2003)	0.729 (101st) – medium
پېسه	Manat ({{{د پېسو نښه}}})
د ساعت توپير  • Summer (DST)	{{{وخت}}} (UTC+4) (UTC+5)
د انټرنېت م.م(TLD)	.az
هېوادنی کوډ	{{{هېوادنی کوډ}}}
ټيليفوني پېل ګڼ	+994
{{{پايڅوړ}}}

د آذربايجان جمهوريت (آذربايجاني: Azərbaycan يا Azərbaycan Respublikası) په قفقاز کې يو هېواد دی چې د اروپا او سوېل لوېديځه آسيا په منځلاره کې پروت دی. دا هېواد کاسپين سمندرګي سره ساحل لري. دا هېواد په سهېل کې د روسيې سره، د جيورجيا سره په سهېل لويديځه لورې، د ارمنستان سره په لويديځه خوا او په سوېل کې د ايران سره خپلې پولې لري.

د ناخشيوان خپلواکه جمهوريت چې د آذربايجان ادعا ورباندې ده، سهېل ختيځه کې د ارمنستان سره، په سوېل لويديځه کې د ايران سره او په سهېل لوېديځه کې د ترکيې سره ګډې پولې لري.

آذربايجان يو غېر مذهبي حکومت لري، او د 2001 زېږيز کال راپدې خوا د اروپايي قونسل غړيتوب لري. ددې هېواد ډېرکي وګړي شيعه مسلمانان دي او د غربي ترکي توکمه خلګ دي چې د آذربايجاني په نوم او يا هم په ساده ډول د آذري په نوم يادېږېي. دا هېواد په رسمي توګه مخ په ډيموکراسۍ روان دی، خو په کلکه توګه اقتدار پلوی قانون پلي کوي.

نيوليک 1 آرپوهه 2 تاريخ 3 سياست 4 Subdivisions 5 جغرافيه 6 اقتصاد 7 Demographics 8 کلتور/فرهڼ 9 بېلابېل سرليکونه 10 سرچينې 11 باندنۍ تړنې

[سمادول] آرپوهه

د آذربايجان د نوم اصليت په اړوند ګڼ شمېر اټکلونه او فرضيې شته. خو په دغو کې تر ټولو عام اند دا دی چې دا نوم د آتروپاتان يا "Atropatan" نه راوتلی. آتروپات د پارس د امپراطورۍ په وختونو کې د همدې ځای والي وه. وروسته له دې چې مقدوني سکندر د آشمېندز د کورنۍ پاچاهي ړنګه کړه نو بيا دغې سيمې هم خپلواکي ترلاسه کړه. دا سيمه د منځنۍ آتروپاتيا يا آتروپاتېن په نوم هم نومول شوې.

There are also alternative opinions that the term is a slight Turkification of Azarbaijan, in turn an Arabicized version of the original Persian name Âzarâbâdagân, made up of âzar+âbadag+ân (âzar=fire; âbâdag=cultivated area; ân=suffix of pluralization); that it traditionally means "the land of eternal flames" or "the land of fire", which probably implies Zoroastrian fire temples in this land. Some Azeri historians contend that the name is made up of four Azerbaijani components: az+er+bay+can, which means "the land of the brave Az people" or "an elevated place for the wealthy and exalted."

Historically, a large part of the territory of the present-day Azerbaijan Republic has been called Arran, named after Arran, a legendary founder of Caucasian Albania. However, the precise location identified by this name has shifted somewhat over time, currently referring to the lowland Karabakh plains situated between the Kura and Araks rivers.

Some opponents of the name Azerbaijan assert that it is anachronistic to use it in a historical context before 1918, because, they say, the term was first introduced by the national intelligentsia in early 20th century and later was endorsed by the Bolsheviks, with intention of claiming the northern province of Persia. To substantiate this claim they state that until the early 20th century the population of present-day Azerbaijan had no clear ethnic identification and referred to themselves primarily as "Muslims."

[سمادول] تاريخ

Main article: د آذربايجان تاريخ

The earliest known inhabitants of what is today Azerbaijan were the Caucasian Albanians, a Caucasian-speaking people who appear to have been in the region prior to the host of peoples who would eventually invade the Caucasus. Historically Azerbaijan has been occupied by a variety of peoples, including Armenians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Greek Empire, and Russians.

The first state to emerge in the territory of present-day Republic of Azerbaijan was Mannae in the 9th century BC, lasting until 616 BC when it was overthrown by the Medes. The satrapies of Atropatene and Caucasian Albania were established in the 4th century BC and included the approximate territories of present-day Azerbaijan and southern parts of Dagestan.

Islam spread rapidly in Azerbaijan following the Arab conquests in the 7th–8th centuries. After the power of the Arab Khalifate waned, several semi-independent states have been formed, the Shirvanshah kingdom being one of them. In the 11th century, the conquering Seljuk Turks became the dominant force in Azerbaijan and laid the ethnic foundation of contemporary Azerbaijanis or Azeri Turks. In the 13–14th centuries, the country experienced Mongol-Tatar invasions.

Azerbaijan was part of the Safavid state in 15th–18th centuries. It also underwent a brief period of feudal fragmentation in the mid-18th to early 19th centuries, and consisted of independent khanates. Following the two wars between the Qajar dynasty of Persia and the Russian Empire, Azerbaijan was acquired by Russia through the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, and the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828.

After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, Azerbaijan declared independence and established the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. This first Muslim republic in the world lasted only two years, from 1918 to 1920, before the Soviet Red Army invaded Azerbaijan. Subsequently, Azerbaijan became part of the Soviet Union.

Azerbaijan re-established its independence upon the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Despite a cease-fire in place since 1994, Azerbaijan has yet to resolve its conflict with Armenia over the predominantly ethnic Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh region. Azerbaijan has lost control of 16% of its territory including Karabakh, and must support some 800,000 refugees and internally displaced persons as a result of the conflict.

[سمادول] سياست

Main article: د آذربايجان سياست

Azerbaijan is a presidential republic. The head of state and head of government are separate from the country’s law-making body. The people elect the president for a five-year term of office. The president appoints all cabinet-level government administrators. A fifty-member national assembly makes the country’s laws. The people of Azerbaijan elect the National Assembly. Azerbaijan has universal suffrage above the age of eighteen.

After the presidential elections of October 15, 2003, an official release of the Central Election Committee (CEC) gave Isa Gambar — leader of the largest opposition bloc, Bizim Azerbaycan ("Our Azerbaijan") — 14% percent of the electorate and the second place in election. Third, with 3.6%, came Lala Shevket Hajiyeva, leader of the National Unity Movement, the first woman to run in presidential election in Azerbaijan. Nevertheless, the OSCE, the Council of Europe, Human Rights Watch and other international organizations, as well as local independent political and NGOs voiced concern about observed vote rigging and a badly flawed counting process.

Several independent local and international organizations that had been observing and monitoring the election directly or indirectly declared Isa Gambar winner in the 15 October election. Another view shared by many international organisations is that in reality a second tour of voting should have taken place between the two opposition candidates Isa Gambar and Lala Shevket.

• Human Rights Watch commented on these elections: "Human Rights Watch research found that the government has heavily intervened in the campaigning process in favor of Prime Minister Ilham Aliev, son of current President Heidar Aliev. The government has stacked the Central Election Commission and local election commission with its supporters, and banned local non-governmental organizations from monitoring the vote. As the elections draw nearer, government officials have openly sided with the campaign of Ilham Aliev, constantly obstructing opposition rallies and attempting to limit public participation in opposition events. In some cases, local officials have closed all the roads into town during opposition rallies, or have extended working and school hours—on one occasion, even declaring Sunday a workday—to prevent participation in opposition rallies." (source: HTML format)

• OSCE’s final report (source: HTML format or PDF format)

Azerbaijan held parliamentary elections on Sunday, 6 November 2005.

[سمادول] Subdivisions

Main article: Subdivisions of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is divided into:

• 59 raions (rayonlar; rayon – singular),
• 11 cities (şəhərlər; şəhər – singular),
• 1 autonomous republic (muxtar respublika), which itself is divided into:
  • 7 raions
  • 1 city

[سمادول] جغرافيه

Main article: د آذربايجان جغرافيه

پرته د سوېل ختيځو سيمو د آذربايجان نورې برخې وچ اقليم لري. د هوا تودوخه هم د کال د څپرکيو له مخې توپير لري. په زوړه زمکو کې چې د هېواد سوېل ختيځې خوا کې پرتې دي، منځوۍ تودوخه د 6°C (43°F) په ژمي کې او 26°C (80°F) په اوړي کې — که څه هم هره ورځ لوړه د نمونې په ډول رسېږي 32°C (89°F). په سهېلي او لوېديځو غرنيو سيمو کې , تودوخه منځوۍ 12°C (55°F) په اوړي کې او –9°C (20°F) په ژمي کې.

Annual rainfall over most of the country varies from 200 to 400 millimetres (8 to 16 in) and is generally lowest in the northeast. In the far southeast, however, the climate is much moister and annual rainfall can be as high as 1300 millimetres (51 in). For most of the country, the wettest periods are in spring and autumn, with summers being the driest.

[سمادول] اقتصاد

Main article: د آذربايجان اقتصاد

The economy is largely based on industry. Industries include machine manufacture, petroleum and other mining, petroleum refining, textile production, and chemical processing. Agriculture accounts for one-third of Azerbaijan’s economy. Most of the nation’s farms are irrigated. In the lowlands, farmers grow such crops as cotton, fruit, grain, tea, tobacco, and many types of vegetables. Silkworms are raised for the production of natural silk for the clothing industry. Azerbaijan’s herders raise cattle, domestic sheep and goats near the mountain ranges. Seafood, including caviar and fish are caught in the nearby Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan has a highly dynamic economy, mainly because of oil, and has a GDP growth rate of up to 11% a year.

[سمادول] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan has population of roughly 7,911,974 (July 2005 est.), 90.6% of whom are ethnic Azerbaijani (also called Azeris; 1999 census figures). Azeris also form about 24% of the population of Iran, predominating in the northern regions of the country. Most of Armenia’s Azeri minority have left since independence and the Nagorno-Karabakh war. The second largest ethnic group are Russians, who now form roughly 1.8% of the population, most having emigrated since independence. The Talysh, an Iranian people, predominate in the southernmost regions of the country around the Talysh mountains and across the border into Iran. Some people argue that the number of Talysh is greater than officially recorded, as many of them are counted as Azerbaijanis. Numerous 'Dagestani' peoples live around the border with Dagestan. The main peoples are the Lezgis, Avar and the Tsakhur. Smaller groups include the Budukh, Udi, Kryts and Khinalug/Ketsh around the village of Xinaliq. Around the town of Quba in the north live the Tats, also known as the Mountain Jews, who are also to be found in Dagestan. Many Tats have emigrated to Israel in recent years, though this trend has slowed and even reversed more recently. The country’s large Armenian population mostly fled to Armenia and to other countries with the beginning of the Armenian-Azeri conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. During the same period, Azerbaijan also received a large influx of Azerbaijanis fleeing Armenia and later Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent provinces occupied by the Armenians. Almost all of Azerbaijan’s Armenians now live in Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan also contains numerous smaller groups, such as Kurds, Georgians, Tatars and Ukrainians.

Most Azerbaijanis (about 60–70%) are Twelver Shia Muslim. Other religions or beliefs that are followed by many in the country are the orthodox Sunni Islam, the Armenian Apostolic Church (in Karabakh), the Russian Orthodox Church, and various other Christian and Muslim sects. The Tat in Quba, as well as several thousand Ashkenazim Jews in Baku, follow Judaism. Adherence to religious dogmas is nominal for the majority of the population and attitudes are secular. Traditionally, villages around Baku and the Lenkoran region are considered stronghold of Shi‘ism, and in some northern regions populated by Sunni Dagestani people, the Salafi sect has gained a following. Folk Islam is widely practiced, but an organized Sufi movement is absent.

[سمادول] کلتور/فرهڼ

Main article: د آذربايجان کلتور/فرهڼ

The official language of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijani, a member of the Oguz subdivision of the Turkic language family, and is spoken by around 95% of the republic’s population, as well as about a third of the population of Iran. Its closest relatives in language are Turkish and Turkmen. As a result of the language policy of the Soviet Union, Russian is also commonly spoken as a second language among the urbane. There are also speakers of Persian and Kurdish in the state. Azerbaijan’s culture has long cultural roots with Iran and Iranian peoples.^{[citation needed]}

• Music of Azerbaijan
• Islam in Azerbaijan
• Azerbaijani literature

[سمادول] بېلابېل سرليکونه

• آذربايجان Links
• Communications in Azerbaijan
• Transportation in Azerbaijan
• Military of Azerbaijan
• Foreign relations of Azerbaijan
• Public holidays in Azerbaijan
• List of Azerbaijanis
• Scout Association of Azerbaijan
• Nagorno-Karabakh

[سمادول] سرچينې

• Forrest, Brett (Nov. 28, 2005). "Over a Barrel in Baku". Fortune, pp. 54–60.

[سمادول] باندنۍ تړنې

Template:Sisterlinks

• CIA World Factbook: Azerbaijan
• BBC Country Profile: Azerbaijan
• Open Directory Project: Azerbaijan directory category
• Library of Congress Portals to the World: Azerbaijan directory category
• Azerbaijan from A to Z
• Azerbaijan International world's largest website about Azerbaijan
• Encyclopedia of Nations — Azerbaijan
• Democratic Youth Movement New Idea
• Virtual Azerbaijan Republic
• Caucaz.com: Weekly online magazine publishing articles and reports about Azerbaijan and South Caucasus. Available in English and French.
• Baku Today
• Independent newspaper Azadliq
• State Statistical Committee of the Azerbaijan Republic
• United Nations Office in Azerbaijan with a country report
• IFEX: Press Freedom in Azerbaijan

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