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Northwestern University - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Northwestern University

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Northwestern University

Motto Quaecumque sunt vera (Latin: Whatsoever things are true)
Established 1851
Type Private
Endowment $5.9 billion [2]
President Henry S. Bienen
Staff 2,500 (approx.)
Undergraduates 7,826
Postgraduates 6,282
Location Evanston, Illinois, USA
Campus Suburban, 240 acres
Athletics Wildcats
Colors Purple
Mascot Willie the Wildcat
Website www.northwestern.edu

Northwestern University is a private, coeducational, non-sectarian research university, located in Evanston and Chicago, Illinois. Northwestern's main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shore of Lake Michigan. Several of Northwestern's professional schools are located in Chicago, on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus near the Magnificent Mile. As of 2006, Northwestern's endowment and other trust funds total approximately $5.9 billion.

Northwestern University enrolls approximately 15,000 full-time students (including approximately 8,000 undergraduates) and employs nearly 7,100 faculty and staff members.

Northwestern's highly acclaimed student newspaper is The Daily Northwestern, its student radio station is WNUR and its student television news network is NNN. It is a member of the Big Ten Conference for college athletics. The official school color is purple.

The school is commonly referred to as simply Northwestern, and although some refer to the university as "NW" or "NWU", NU is the abbreviation that the school uses. [3]

Contents

[edit] History

The Arch at Northwestern's Evanston campus
The Arch at Northwestern's Evanston campus

Founded in 1851 by Methodists from Chicago (including John Evans, after whom Evanston is named), Northwestern opened in 1855 with two faculty members and ten students. The University's name, Northwestern, came from its founders' desire to serve citizens of the states that occupied the area of the former Northwest Territory: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Northwestern created its Chicago campus during the 1920s.

The phrase on Northwestern's seal is Quaecumque sunt vera -- in Latin, "Whatsoever things are true" from Philippians 4:8. Also on Northwestern's seal, a Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book: ho logos pleres charitos kai aletheias, which translates as "The Word... full of grace and truth." This phrase comes from the Gospel of John (1:14): "And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, and we behold His glory, and the glory was of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth." Both the Latin and Greek phrases express the values of the University's founders, and recall Northwestern's Methodist heritage.

Northwestern's founding charter granted the school a permanent exemption from paying property taxes. For this reason, Northwestern has often endured a difficult relationship with Evanston's government. Tensions have arisen regarding building codes, law enforcement, and politics. Recently, factions of Evanston's government have attempted to divide Northwestern's campus into several different wards, so as to reduce students' voting potency.

In 1873, the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern, and legendary suffragist Frances Willard became the school's first dean of women.

Purple became Northwestern's official school color in 1892, replacing black and gold. A university committee thought that too many other universities used those colors. Contrary to popular belief, white is only an unofficial color. The University's Alma Mater mentions white in conjunction with purple ("Hail to purple, hail to white"), but nonetheless, purple is the only official school color.[4]

During the 1930s, Northwestern nearly merged with its academic rival, the University of Chicago. In 1933, Northwestern president Scott and Chicago president Hutchins concluded that in order to secure the future of both universities, it was in the best interest of both to merge as the Universities of Chicago, with Northwestern's Evanston campus serving undergraduates, Northwestern's Chicago campus serving professionals, and Chicago's Hyde Park campus serving postgraduates. What Scott and Hutchins initially envisioned as the preeminent university in the world was eventually extinguished by Northwestern's boards of trustees, a result that Hutchins called "one of the lost opportunities of American education." [5]

Northwestern hosted the first ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939. It took place in Patten Gymnasium, which the school eventually demolished and relocated farther north in order to make room for the Technological Institute.

In 1948, prominent anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits founded the Program of African Studies at Northwestern, the first center of its kind at an American academic institution.

On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates. Ryan said, "it is fitting that we are gathered here today at Northwestern University with the students, teachers, lawyers and investigators who first shed light on the sorrowful conditions of Illinois’ death penalty system." [6] In the late 1990s, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information that exonerated Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution.

[edit] Student body

The Montgomery Ward Building at the Feinberg School of Medicine--America's first academic skyscraper. [1]
The Montgomery Ward Building at the Feinberg School of Medicine--America's first academic skyscraper. [1]

As of the 2005-06 academic year, there are 7,947 undergraduates and 5,460 graduate students enrolled full-time. 909 students were enrolled part-time in the School of Continuing Studies.

In early April, it was confirmed that for the undergraduate class of 2010, there were 18,419 total applicants, up 18% from the year before. 5,200 students were admitted (about 28%).

In the class of 2009, 6.4% are black, 17.4% are Asian, 6.5% are Hispanic, 1.8% are multiracial and 67.9% are White. The class is 52.1% female and 47.9% male. The mean high school rank was the 94th percentile and the combined SAT score 1402 (out of 1600), marking the highest SAT average of any class in Northwestern history and making Northwestern the most selective Big Ten university, and one of the most selective universities in the American Midwest. Of those enrolled in the class of 2009, 126 graduated as valedictorian of their high school class.

[edit] Campus

Northwestern's Evanston campus runs north-south along a stretch of Sheridan Road. The north side of campus is home to the campus' fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and other athletic facilities, and the Technological Institute and all of its adjoining science-related buildings. The south side of campus is home to the University's music buildings, art buildings, and sorority quads. This division in building location, along with the fact that the south end of campus is closer to the downtown center of Evanston, creates a cultural difference between the students typically found on either end of the campus.

In the 1960s, the Evanston campus expanded its boundaries by constructing a lakefill in Lake Michigan. The 74 acres are now home to the Northwestern University Library, Norris University Center, Pick-Staiger Concert Hall, among other facilities.

Northwestern's Chicago campus is located in the city's Streeterville neighborhood, with close proximity to landmarks such as the John Hancock Center and Michigan Avenue. Its Ward Building was the first academic skyscraper in the country.

[edit] Campus Life

[edit] Media

The Daily Northwestern is the main student newspaper at Northwestern. It is published on weekdays during the academic year. Established in 1881, it is run entirely by undergraduates, many of whom are students at the Medill School of Journalism. The Daily is widely considered one of the best college newspapers in the country, a frequent winner of the Columbia Scholastic Press Association and the coveted Associated Collegiate Press Pacemaker award. Although it serves the Northwestern community, the Daily is unaffiliated with the university and is supported entirely by advertisers. It is owned by the Students Publishing Company. Current circulation is in excess of 7,500 as The Daily Northwestern is the only daily publication for both Northwestern University and the city of Evanston.

The Northwestern Chronicle is the school's alternative newspaper, and provides the campus with a conservative voice. It began in 1992 and has a circulation of 2,000.

WNUR (89.3 FM) is a 7200 watt radio station that broadcasts to Chicago and its northern suburbs. It is one of the largest student-run radio stations in the country. In September 2003, WNUR was named the #1 college radio station in the country by Spin magazine. WNUR has also been recognized as a top US station by The Wire and is often cited as one of the major centers for the nascent indie music movement during the early 1990's.

The Northwestern News Network, commonly known as NNN, is the student television news and sports operation at Northwestern. It broadcasts news and sports programming three days of the week during the academic year on NU Channel 1, online at nnntv.org and weeknights at 10 p.m. on Evanston cable access channel 6.

North by Northwestern is a student-run online publication dedicated to campus life. It recently won first place for Best All-Around Independent Online Student Publication from the Society of Professional Journalists.

Other prominent student publications include Helicon, a literary magazine; Blackboard, published by black student alliance For Memebers Only; Mustardseed, a Christian publication; and The Protest, which is part of the Peace Project umbrella organization.

[edit] Performing Arts

Student theater enjoys a highly visible presence on campus. Two annual productions are especially notable: the Waa-Mu show, and the Dolphin show. Waa-Mu is an original musical, written and produced almost entirely by students. The Dolphin Show is the nation's largest student produced musical. Children's theater is represented on campus by Griffin’s Tale and the recently formed Purple Crayon Players. In addition, Northwestern boasts the largest student-theatre community in the nation. Students produce over sixty independent productions each year. Many Northwestern alumni have used these productions as stepping stones to successful television and film careers. Chicago's Lookingglass Theatre was founded by alum David Schwimmer and began in the Great Room in Jones Residential College.

Northwestern also has a variety of improv groups. The improv and sketch comedy group Mee-Ow lists Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Dermot Mulroney, Ana Gasteyer, John Cameron Mitchell and Seth Meyers among its alumni. The Titanic Players are the oldest long-form improv group in the country. Mee-Ow, Titanic, and Out da Box, a multicultural comedy show, along with Northwestern's theatre department, have brought nation-wide attention to Northwestern's improv comedy training and performance.[citation needed]

There are also ten a capella groups and a variety of dance companies on campus.

[edit] Service

Northwestern students are also heavily involved in community service. Annual events include Dance Marathon, a 30-hour event that raised over $708,000 for charity in 2007, Project Pumpkin, a Halloween celebration where over 800 local children are invited to campus for an afternoon of games and candy, and Suitcase Party. Many students also assist with Special Olympics and take alternative spring break trips.

[edit] Greek Life

According to numbers posted by the Office of Fraternity and Sorority Life, 36% of students were affiliated with a fraternity or a sorority in Spring 2005. This is the highest percentage of students involved in Greek life among Big Ten universities.

[edit] Athletics

Main article: Northwestern Wildcats
Northwestern University Wildcats
Northwestern University Wildcats

A charter member of the Big Ten Conference and the only private institution in the conference, Northwestern has 19 intercollegiate athletic teams (8 men's and 11 women's) and numerous club sports. The football team plays at Ryan Field (formerly known as Dyche Stadium); the basketball and volleyball teams play at Welsh-Ryan Arena.

Northwestern's athletic teams are nicknamed the Wildcats. Before 1924, they were known as "The Purple" and unofficially as "The Fighting Methodists." The name Wildcats was bestowed upon the university in 1924 by a writer for the Chicago Tribune who wrote that even in a loss to the University of Chicago Maroons, the Northwestern football players looked like "Wildcats [that] had come down from Evanston." The name was so popular that university board members made "wildcats" the official nickname just months later.

The Northwestern Athletics' mascot is Willie the Wildcat. However, the team's first mascot was not Willie, but a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo named Furpaw. In fall 1923, Furpaw was driven to the playing field to greet the fans before each game. After a losing season, the team decided that Furpaw was the harbinger of bad luck and banished him from campus. Willie made his debut ten years later in 1933 as a logo, but did not actually come to life until 1947, when members of the Alpha Delta fraternity dressed up as him during the Homecoming parade.

The Northwestern University Marching Band (NUMB) leads the students in cheers and spirit, providing strong links to the past and preserving Northwestern's oldest traditions.

Northwestern's football team has a history of futility, as it holds the all-time records for Division I-A losses, points allowed, and negative point differential (amount opponents have outscored them by), and is on the losing end of the greatest comeback in Division I-A history. However, the team has seen success in recent years, including trips to the 1996 Rose Bowl, 1997 Citrus Bowl, 2000 Alamo Bowl, and 2005 Sun Bowl. The current coach is former All-American Northwestern linebacker Pat Fitzgerald.

Current successful athletic programs include men's soccer, wrestling, men's swimming, women's tennis, softball, and women's lacrosse. The women's lacrosse team is the defending two-time NCAA national champion, and went undefeated in 2005.

[edit] Rankings

According to US News & World Report, as of 2007, Northwestern's undergraduate program ranks 14th among all American "National University" programs. Northwestern's Medill School consistently ranks among America's top three journalism, media, and integrated marketing communications (IMC) schools [7] [8] [9]; Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management consistently ranks among America's top five business schools and has a joint EMBA program with Schulich School of Business at York University in Canada which is ranked as the top business school in Canada (The Economist 2006); Northwestern's School of Law consistently ranks among America's top fourteen law schools; Northwestern's Feinberg School of Medicine consistently ranks among America's top thirty medical schools while the Department of Physical Therapy, which offers the Doctor of Physical Therapy degree, is ranked in the top ten among the nation's physical therapy programs; Northwestern's School of Education and Social Policy consistently ranks among America's top ten education schools; Northwestern's Materials science program in the Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science ranks among America's top three, and the Industrial Engineering department is in the top 10; Northwestern's art history program consistently ranks among America's top ten; Northwestern's program in African history consistently ranks among America's top two; Northwestern's School of Music consistently ranks first among America's non-conservatory-based music programs. Other esteemed programs include Mathematical Methods in the Social Sciences (MMSS), Learning Sciences, Engineering, Theatre, Communications, Psychology, Radio/Television/Film, and Integrated Science (ISP).

The Princeton Review ranks Northwestern among the Top 20 schools with the "Best College Newspaper," the "Best College Theater," and where "Town-Gown Relations are Strained." In 2003, this publication ranked Northwestern first for "Best Overall Academic Experience for Undergraduates."

The Times Higher Education Supplement's ranks Northwestern 19th in the United States and 49th among world universities; the Institute of Higher Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranks Northwestern 23rd in the United States, and 31st among world universities. Newsweek Magazine ranks Northwestern the 23rd most global American university, and 35th most global university overall. [1]

[edit] Traditions

Northwestern University student traditions include:

  • Painting The Rock to advertise student groups and on-campus events
  • "Go U Northwestern", the Northwestern fight song, is played after scoring and at the end of games.
  • Northwestern has several traditions for football games. During kickoffs, students jingle their car keys. The Wildcat Growl is done when the other team has control of the ball in sports to show support and distract the other teams. This works especially well in thwarting audibles on the field as the majority of home fans participate. Students used to throw marshmallows during football games, but this unusual tradition was discontinued at the behest of former football coach Gary Barnett.
  • The Clock Tower glows purple after a winning game, altering sports with the season, announcing the results to a large part of the Evanston community. The Clock Tower remains purple until a loss or the end of the sports season.
  • Dance Marathon, a 30-hour philanthropic event, raises several hundred thousand dollars every winter.
  • Primal Scream is held at 9:00 p.m. on the Sunday before finals week every quarter. For the event, students lean out windows or gather in court yards and scream at the top of their lungs. [10]
  • Armadillo Day, or more commonly Dillo Day, is held on Northwestern's Lakefill every Spring on the weekend before Memorial Day.

[edit] Schools, colleges and departments

[edit] Undergraduate programs

[edit] Graduate and professional programs

[edit] Notable alumni

Many Northwestern alumni play or have played important roles in Chicago and Illinois, such as current Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich, Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf, and theater director Mary Zimmerman.

Northwestern's film and theater programs have also produced a steady stream of talented actors, actresses, and filmmakers. Alumni who have made their mark on film and television include Academy Award-winner Charlton Heston, Ann-Margret, Warren Beatty, David Schwimmer, Zach Braff, and Stephen Colbert. Alumni such as Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Heather Headley, and Walter Kerr have seen prominence on Broadway. Amsterdam-based comedy theater Boom Chicago was founded by Northwestern alumni, and the school has become a training ground for future Second City, I.O., ComedySportz, Mad TV and Saturday Night Live talent.

The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists such as Elisabeth Bumiller, Mike Greenberg and Michael Wilbon.

Northwestern alumni living in New York City and Los Angeles, especially those involved in theater and film, are commonly known as the "Northwestern Mafia" due to their high concentration in the area and their willingness to help out fellow Wildcats [11]. They were referenced in an episode of Joey, in which Matt LeBlanc's character pretends to be a Northwestern alumnus in order to improve his industry connections.

[edit] School presidents

  • Clark T. Hinman, DD (1853—84)
  • Henry S. Noyes, MA (1854—56) °
  • Randolph S. Foster, DD, LLD (1856—60)
  • Henry S. Noyes, MA (1860—67)°
  • David H. Wheeler, DD (1867—69)°
  • Erastus O. Haven, DD, LLD (1869—72)
  • Charles H. Fowler, DD, LLD (1872—76)
  • Oliver Marcy, LLD (1876—81)°
  • Joseph Cummings, DD, LLD (1881—90)
  • Henry Wade Rogers, LLD (1890—1900)
  • Daniel Bonright, MA, LLD (1900—02)°
  • Edward J. James, PhD, LLD (1902—04)
  • Thomas F. Holgate, PhD, LLD (1904—06)°
  • Abram W. Harris, ScD, LLD (1906—16)
  • Thomas F. Holgate, PhD, LLD (1916—19)°
  • Lynn H. Hough, DD (1919—20)
  • Walter Dill Scott, PhD, LLD (1920—39)
  • Franklyn Bliss Snyder, PhD, LLD (1939—49)
  • J. Roscoe Miller, MD, LLD, ScD (1949—70)
  • Robert H. Strotz, PhD, LLD (1970—84)
  • Arnold R. Weber, PhD (1984—94)
  • Henry S. Bienen, PhD (1995—present)

° - interim/acting president

[edit] Notable faculty

  • Ken Alder, historian of science, author of The Measure of All Things and The Lie Detectors
  • J. Michael Bailey, professor of psychology
  • T.H. Breen, historian of colonial America
  • Arthur Butz, associate professor of electrical engineering and holocaust denier
  • Souleymane Bachir Diagne, expert on African and Islamic philosophy
  • Micaela di Leonardo, cultural anthropologist and public intellectual
  • Bernardine Dohrn, professor of law
  • Stuart Dybek, author of The Coast of Chicago and I Sailed With Magellan
  • Betsy Erkkila, professor of English, Walt Whitman scholar
  • Gary Alan Fine, sociologist of culture
  • Ken Forbus, computer scientist and artificial intelligence
  • Douglas Foster, former editor-in-chief of Mother Jones Magazine
  • Dilip Gaonkar, rhetorical theory
  • Frank Galati, Tony Award-winning director and professor of performance studies
  • Anupam Garg, physicist
  • Rebecca Gilman, professor and playwright of Spinning into Butter
  • Jason Goodstone
  • Robert J. Gordon, economist
  • Jurgen Habermas, contemporary philosopher
  • John Hagan, sociologist of crime and human rights
  • Peter Hayes, scholar of German industry during the Holocaust
  • Erich Heller, essayist, philosopher, and literature scholar
  • T.W. Heyck, professor of British and Irish History
  • Darlene Clark Hine, historian of African-American women
  • Bonnie Honig, political theorist
  • Vladimir Ipatieff
  • Hans Jorgen Jensen, cellist
  • E. Patrick Johnson, professor of performance studies
  • John Ketterson, physicist
  • Laura Kipnis, professor and author of bestselling Against Love
  • Philip Kotler, author of Marketing Management
  • Alex Kotlowitz, author of There Are No Children Here and The Other Side of the River
  • Nancy MacLean, historian, author of Behind the Mask of Chivalry
  • Yuri Manin, mathematician
  • Charles Manski, economist and social policy analyst
  • Tobin J. Marks, chemistry professor
  • Mia McCullough, playwright
  • Chad Mirkin, nanomedicine and chemistry
  • Joel Mokyr, historian of science and economics, author of The Lever of Riches
  • Richard I. Morimoto, Cell and Molecular Biology
  • Aldon Morris, sociologist and author of The Origins of the Civl Rights Movement
  • Gary Saul Morson, Russian literature, scholar of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky
  • Charles Moskos, military sociologist, former advisor to President Bill Clinton
  • Edward Muir, Renaissance historian
  • Barry Nelson, system simulations
  • Barbara Newman, scholar of Medieval religion and female spirituality
  • Donald A. Norman, computer science and cognitive science
  • Ursula Oppens, pianist
  • Ed Paschke, artist and Chicago Imagist
  • Mary Pattillo, urban sociologist, named one of Newsweek's "Women of the 21st Century"
  • Abe Peck, magazine industry
  • John Pople, late Nobel Prize-winning chemistry professor
  • David Protess, head of the Medill Innocence Project
  • Mark Ratner, professor of chemistry
  • Jennifer Richeson, professor of psychology, MacArthur Fellow
  • Don E. Schultz, marketing and advertising
  • Anna Shapiro, professor and director at the Steppenwolf Theatre
  • Michael Sherry, Bancroft Prize-winning military historian
  • Lynn Spigel, scholar of television and American culture
  • Alan Stout, composer
  • Samuel Stupp, leading authority in supramolecular materials for nanobiotechnology
  • Stuart Struever, anthropologist and archaeologist, former president of the Society for American Archaeology
  • Charles Taylor, philosopher, author of Sources of the Self
  • Jason Tyne
  • Andrew Baruch Wachtel, dean of Graduate School, Slavic Literatures scholar
  • Samuel Weber, Avalon Professor of the Humanities, critical theory
  • Irwin Weil, scholar of Soviet history, music, and literature
  • Jon Widom, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Garry Wills, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and religious scholar
  • Amnon Wolman, composer of electronic music
  • Jay Alan Yim, composer
  • David Zarefsky, authority on rhetoric and forensics
  • Mary Zimmerman, Tony Award-winning director and professor of performance studies

[edit] Trivia

In May 1978, the first Unabomber attack occurred at Northwestern University. The following year, the second Unabomber attack also occurred at Northwestern.

In the fall of 1999, Oprah Winfrey taught a class entitled "Dynamics of Leadership" at the Kellogg School of Management.

Men's Fitness magazine named Northwestern the fifth-fittest college in America in 2005.

The Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train running through Evanston is called the Purple Line, taking its name from Northwestern's school color. Although the majority of the campus sits two to four city blocks from the Purple Line, the Foster station is within walking distance of the southern end of the campus, while the Noyes station is close to the northern end of the campus. The Central station is close to Ryan Field, Northwestern's football stadium. Northwestern's professional schools and hospital in downtown Chicago are about four blocks east of the Chicago stop on the CTA Red Line.

Northwestern's Internet domain was originally nwu.edu; the university began transitioning to the current northwestern.edu domain in March 2000.[12]

[edit] References in popular culture

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Professional Schools

Undergraduate and Graduate

Miscellaneous

[edit] References

[edit] References



Northwestern University  

Academics

Judd A. and Marjorie Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences • School of Communication • School of MusicJ. L. Kellogg School of ManagementRobert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied ScienceMedill School of Journalism • School of Education and Social Policy • Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University School of Law

Athletics

Big TenGo U NorthwesternNorthwestern WildcatsNUMBRyan FieldWelsh-Ryan ArenaWillie the Wildcat

Campus

ChicagoEvanstonThe LakefillThe RockTechnological Institute

Culture

AlumniThe Daily NorthwesternDance MarathonDillo DayDolphin ShowMee-OwNNNWaa-MuWNUR


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aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

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aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu