Metroul din Budapesta
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Metroul din Budapesta (Budapesti metró în maghiară) este cea mai rapidă formă de transport în comun din Budapesta, Ungaria. Sistemul este compus din trei linii, fiecare marcată cu un număr şi culoare separată. A patra linie de metrou este în construcţie, iar planurile pentru Linia 5 sunt gata de implementare.
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[modifică] Istorie
The original purpose of the first metro line was to facilitate the transport to Budapest City Park, however the capital always opposed any surface transport on Andrássy Avenue – this has since become the most elegant road of Budapest, part of the World Heritage. The National Assembly accepted the metro plan in 1870 and construction started in 1894. It took 2000 workers using up-to-date machinery less than two years to complete it. This section was built entirely from the surface (with the cut-and-cover method). Completed by the deadline, it was inaugurated on May 2 1896, the year of the millennium, by emperor Franz Joseph, and was the second underground rail system in the world – after the London Underground.
The train ran along Andrássy út, from Vörösmarty tér (the centre) to City Park, in a northeast-southwest direction, but its terminus was the Zoo (this has since been replaced). It had eleven stations, nine underground and two overground. The length of the line was 3.7 km at that time; trains started in every two minutes. It was able to carry as many as 35,000 people a day (today 103,000 people travel on it on a workday).
The plans for the two further metro lines were made as early as in 1895, defining the main directions of north-south and east-west. The first plans for the present-day two lines were made in 1942, and the Council of Ministers' decree enacted its building in 1950. Metro 2 was originally planned to connect two major railway stations, Keleti (Eastern) and Déli (Southern) pályaudvar. They wanted to complete it by 1955, but construction was ceased for financial and political reasons from 1954 till 1963. It was finally opened with seven stations on April 4 (a Communist holiday) in 1970. It runs in an east-west direction, and as yet it is the only line to cross the River Danube and reach Buda (the western part of Budapest). It has a joint station with the existing metro at Deák Ferenc tér, which has since become a transfer point for the third line as well.
In 1973, both lines were extended (the first with one station, the second with four), so the first line reached its current length of 4.4 km, as well as the second, 10.3 km, consisting of eleven stations.
The Budapest Transport Company (BKV) took over the maintenance in 1973, and this is which still runs the metro. The colour-marking of the metro lines was introduced in 1976, when the first section of the third line was opened to the public. This was when the first line was given the colour yellow, the second the red and the third the blue. (Additionally, the green colour is used to mark the suburban railways in and around Budapest, see HÉV.)
The first decree for the third line was made in 1963, its construction started in 1970, and its first section was opened in 1976, consisting of six stations. Its southern direction was complemented with five more stations in 1980, and the northern one in 1981, 1984, and 1990 with nine stations, reaching its current length of 20 stations, 17 km, the longest line in Budapest. M3 runs in a north-south direction (more exactly, from north-northeast to southeast).
In the 80's and 90's, M1 had major reconstructions. Out of its 11 stations, eight are original and three were made at the reconstructions. The stations recall the time of the millennium, including the floor, the benches, the wooden windows and the lighting. Every station is a little museum as well, with photos and information. – There is a Millennium Underground Museum in the Deák Ferenc tér underpass where the rest from these times can be seen.
Metro 4 (as of 2006, under construction) has a long history, reaching back to 1972. In the past decades, difficulties arose from the medicinal springs around its planned route (eg. Gellért Baths). There was a long debate over whether its construction will be safe, what part should be paid by the government and the capital, whether it could be paid from the Russian state debt towards Hungary, whether its route was appropriate and whether it was really that worthy (rather than, for example, helping the conurbations' growth and access with a connector line, see M5 below), and in what length it should be built in the first phase. If it is finished by 2009 (which is the best case), its history will comprise 37 years, the longest time of all the metro lines in Budapest.
[modifică] Dezvoltări recente şi planificate
[modifică] Reconstrucţia Metro 2
Linia a 2-a se afla in prezent in reconstructie, avand mare parte din infrastructura si 5 statii finalizate(Blaha Lujza tér si Kossuth Lajos tér renovate in 2004, Batthyány tér, Astoria si Keleti pályaudvar in 2005). In acest moment, acestea sunt cele mai moderne statii de metrou din Budapesta. Statiile care vor fi renovate in vara anului 2006 sunt: Déli pályaudvar, Moszkva tér and Deák Ferenc tér. Cele mai mari operatiuni de reconstructie au loc in perioada verii si dureaza zece saptamani. Magistrala va fi terminata in 2007. Vor fi instalate ascensoare prima data la statiile Kossuth Lajos tér, Blaha Lujza tér, Keleti pályaudvar, si Astoria. In plus vor fi introduse trenuri noi care vor avea aer conditionat.
[modifică] Metro 4
Magistrala 4-a de metrou (Metro 4) va merge din sud-vestul oraşului spre nord-est. Munca este acum în progres, şi linia va fi completată până în 2009.
[modifică] Metro 5
Magistrala 5-a de metrou va merge pe malul Dunării, trecând fluviul lângă Insula Margareta, şi va avea corespondenţă cu liniile suburbane spre Szentendre, Csepel şi Ráckeve. Construcţia acestei magistrale va începe în toamna din 2007.
[modifică] Extinderea Metroului 3
Exista planuri pentru extinderea liniei 3 spre Káposztásmegyer de la Újpest-Központ şi de la Határ út la Aeroportul Ferihegy. Káposztásmegyer este acum servit de linia de tramvai 14, dar şinele pot fi folosite şi de metrou.
[modifică] Unirea Metro 2 cu linia suburbană Gödöllő
Asociaţia de Tranzit Urban şi Suburban (VEKE) a făcut un plan pentru unificarea liniei 2 cu linia suburbană Gödöllő, acest plan fiind realizat poate până în 2020.
[modifică] Utilizare
[modifică] Informaţii generale
At the moment, the only meeting point between the lines is Deák tér, however, the forthcoming lines are going to have other stations for changing.
Tickets have to be validated at the entrance, before taking the escalator, with the orange-coloured machines, and they have to be kept until leaving the metro. At validation, the current date and time is printed on tickets, along with other information. Tickets are checked manually by inspectors, who usually turn up at stations near the escalators, but they may inspect tickets wherever in the metro area. Tickets or passes must be handed over to them on request. They wear a blue ribbon with golden inscription around their wrists, but they may hide it before the actual inspection.
To decide which way to travel, one has to know the name of the terminus; these are put out at the stations. The name of the stations are usually written on the wall of the tunnel in both directions.
None of the stations of either lines 2 or 3 has yet been made accessible for the handicapped or parents with pram, including recently renovated stations. Line 4 will have stations accessible from the street level by lift but people with wheelchair won't be able to use the underpasses when crossing a street. On line 1 (Millennium Underground) there are only three stations suitable for use by wheelchair users.
Travel conditions are the same for all the transport vehicles in Budapest, and they are available at the website of the transport company. These deal with the minimal age and health state of travellers, the maximum size of hand luggage (prohibiting some chemicals), transportation conditions for dogs (ticket/pass, muzzle and lead are required), prohibition of smoking, eating, and music, the accident insurance provided with the ticket, and the conditions for its use.
[modifică] Bilete şi abonamente
În Budapesta, există un singur bilet pentru toate mijloacele de transport, inclusiv metroul, care costă 185 de forinţi. În plus, există bilete care sunt valabile doar pentru metrou: biletul de secţie, valabil pentru călătorii scurte până la trei staţii, bilet de transfer, pentru călătorii cu un transfer între linii, şi bilet de secţie-transfer, pentru călătorii de până la cinci staţii cu un transfer între linii.
În afară de biletul de secţie, care este valabil pentru 30 de minute, toate biletele sunt valabile pentru o oră. Abonamente de o zi, de turist, de şapte zice, de 14 zile, de 30 de zile şi un an, sau carnete cu 10 sau 20 de călătorii pot fi deasemenea cumpărate.
[modifică] Orar şi frecvenţă
The Budapest Metro trains start running at 4:30 in the morning, and the last vehicle leaves at 11.10 p.m. from the terminus. The rush hours are between 6 and 8 a.m. and between 2 and 5 p.m. on workdays, when trains leave in every two or three minutes. Early morning and night trains leave in every 10 or 15 minutes. On Christmas Eve (December 24) trains usually run only until about 3:00 in the afternoon, and there may occur other breaks as well at special holidays (these are advertised beforehand). Service time may be extended on New Year's Eve.
[modifică] Trivia
- Due to recent developments, mobile phones can be used throughout the existing metro lines, although travellers are asked to switch them off.
- On Metro 2 and 3 there are still the same Soviet vehicles running (like in Moscow and some subway services of Prague, as well as the only line in Warsaw). The trains are driven by two people, except for Metro 3, which has a "program carpet" controlling the trains' speed and stopping. This means that controlling the metro mostly consists of opening and closing the door. – This system will be launched soon on Metro 2 as well.
- Most of the stations are underground, and they can be reached with escalators (usually three or four at a station). Metro 1, however, has only stairs at its stations (except for their joint transfer station) and there are three stations on the other two lines that don't have escalators: Pillangó utca, Örs vezér tere (the eastern end of Metro 2) and Kőbánya-Kispest (the southern terminus of Metro 3).
- The deepest station is Moszkva tér.
- The passengers' area is in the middle in most of the stations, but at some stations passengers have to use the stairs to take the opposite direction.
- In case of an attack or a catastrophe, the Budapest Metro can provide shelter for 220,000 people, including fresh air (with an air-filter), drinking-water (3 l) and washing-water (27 l per person per day).
- A thriller titled Control (Kontroll in Hungarian) was made in Budapest Metro in 2003. It was screened in Cannes and in the U.S.
- The movie Underworld (2003) also has scenes shot in the Budapest Metro.
[modifică] Statistici
Lungimea totaţă a celor 3 linii de metrou este de 31.7 km, având 40 de staţii, din care 3 de legătură. Pentru viitoarea linie 4 se vor construi încă 12 staţii, din care 2 de legătură.
Metroul din Budapesta are aproximativ 1.270.000 de utilizatori zilnic (în 2004, conform [1]). În 2003, au fost 315 milioane de călători, adică o medie zilnică de 860.000 de călători ([2]).
