Troia
Diwar Wikipedia, an holloueziadur digor
Troia, Τροία Troia henc'hresianeg hag ivez Ίλιον Ilion; Troia pe Ilium e latin) a zo ur geoded vojennel deskrivet evel pal brezel Troia en Iliada dreist-holl, unan eus an daou varzhoneg meurzanevellek lakaet dindan anv Homer.
Hiziv e vezer kustum da lec'hiañ Troia (e turkeg Truva) e Hisarlık, e Anatolia, war aod proviñs Çanakkale e gwalarn Turkia hag e mervent ar strizh-mor a rae an Hellespontos ar Gresianed eus outañ (an Dardanelled ha strizh-mor Çanakkale pe Djanakkale hiziv) a-is da Menez Ida.
Pa oa an impalaer roman Aogust o ren e oa bet diazezet eno ar geoded nevez Ilium a zo bet o vleuniañ betek krouidigezh Kergustentin a-raok mont da digreskiñ e-pad Impalaeriezh roman ar Reter.
Er bloavezhioù 1870 an arkeologour alaman Heinrich Schliemann a yeas da furchata el lec'h m'en doa kredet bezañ hini Troia dre forzh lenn an testennoù kozh . Kavet ez eus bet meur a geoded savet unan war an hini savet a-raok. Soñjet eo bet e c'hellfe ar geoded anvet Troia VII bezañ hini Homer marteze`
Lod a sonj e c'hellfe ar geoded-se bezañ Wilusa, ur gêr meneget e testennoù hittitek. Marteze e teufe Wilusa eus Wilion, un anv tost ouzh hini Ilion.
Taolenn |
[kemmañ] An Troia mojennel
Hervez ar mitologiezh Hellaz e oa Troia kêr-benn rouantelezh Troia war aod Azia vihan, ur vro henc'hresian anezhi ha pinvidikaet gant ar c'henwerzh. Difennet e oa gant mogerioù divent, ma soñjed n'halle ket bezañ kemeret gant un arme.
Kredet e veze e tiskenne tierned Troia eus Dardanos, mab da Zeus ha Elektra. Hervez an Henc'hresianed e teue Dardanos eus Arkadia, met ar Romaned a lavare e teue Dardanos eus Italia a-raok mont da enez Samotrakia e lec'h ma veve Teucer a roas unan eus e verc'hed da zimeziñ gant e ostiz.
Mab-bihan Dardanos, Tros, a roas e anv d'ar rouantelezh savet diwar trevadennerezh an aodoù tal da Samotrakia. Ilos, mad Tros, a diazezas, sañset, keoded Ilion e oa roet gant Zeus ar Palladium. Gant Apollo ha Poseidon e oe savet ar mogerioù-difenn diwar goulenn Laomedon, mab da Ilos ar yaouankañ, met e n'ac'has Laomedon paeañ e dle ha e oe beuzet an tolead gant an dour mor kaset gant Poseidon. Hemañ a c'houlennas ma vo aberzhet ar merc'h yaouank Hesione en ur c'has anezhi da vezañ debret gant un aerouant mor a lazhas ivez an dud o chom war ar maezh.
Herakles a lazhas Laomedon hag e vibien, nemet Priam a zeuas da vezañ roue Troia. Aloubet eo bet Troia e-pad e ren hervez ar vojenn (Sell Brezel Troia).
DA VEZAÑ TROET
Trojan rule in Asia Minor was replaced by the Herakleid dynasty in Sardis that ruled for 505 years until the time of Candaules. The Ionians, Cimmerians, Phrygians, Milesians of Sinope, and Lydians moved into Asia Minor. The Persians invaded in 546 BC.
[kemmañ] Tud Troja
Trojaned brudet e oa:
- Dardanos (saver Toja), Laomedon, Ganymedes, Priam, Paris, Hektor, Teuker, Aesakus, Oenone, Tithonus, Antigone, Memnon, Corythus, Aeneas, Brutus, hag Elymus.
- Kapys, Boukolion hag Aisakos a oa priñsed eus Troja hag o devoa gwragez a oa naiadezed. Emglev o doa graet Some of the Trojan allies were the Lycians and the Amazons. The Aisepid nymphs were the naiads of the Trojan River Aisepos. Pegsis was the naiad of the River Grenikos near Troy.
Mount Ida in Asia Minor is where Ganymede was abducted by Zeus, where Anchises was seduced by Aphrodite, where Aphrodite gave birth to Aeneas, where Paris lived as a shepherd, where the nymphs lived, where the "Judgement of Paris" took place, where the Greek gods watched the Trojan War, where Hera distracted Zeus with her seductions long enough to permit the Achaeans, aided by Poseidon, to hold the Trojans off their ships, and where Aeneas and his followers rested and waited until the Greeks set out for Greece. The altar of Panomphaean (‘source of all oracles’) was dedicated to Jupiter the Thunderer (Tonatus) near Troy. Buthrotos (or Buthrotum) was a city in Epirus where Helenus, the Trojan seer, built a replica of Troy. Aeneas landed there and Helenus foretold his future.
[kemmañ] Troia e spered Homer
In the Iliad, the Achaeans set up their camp near the mouth of the river Scamander (presumably modern Karamenderes), where they had beached their ships. The city of Troy itself stood on a hill, across the plain of Scamander, where the battles of the Trojan War took place. The site of the ancient city today is some 15 kilometers from the coast, but the ancient mouths of alleged Scamander, some 3,000 years ago, were some 5 kilometers further inland pouring into a bay that has since been filled with alluvial material.
[kemmañ] Arkeologiezh Troia
The layers of ruins on the site are numbered Troy I – Troy IX, with various subdivisions:
- Troy I 3000-2600 (Western Anatolian EB 1)
- Troy II 2600-2250 (Western Anatolian EB 2)
- Troy III 2250-2100 (Western Anatolian EB 3 [early])
- Troy IV 2100-1950 (Western Anatolian EB 3 [middle])
- Troy V: 20th – 18th centuries BC (Western Anatolian EB 3 [late]).
- Troy VI: 17th – 15th centuries BC.
- Troy VIh: late Bronze Age, 14th century BC
- Troy VIIa: ca. 1300 – 1190 BC, most likely candidate for Homeric Troy.
- Troy VIIb1: 12th century BC
- Troy VIIb2: 11th century BC
- Troy VIIb3: until ca. 950 BC
- Troy VIII: around 700 BC
- Troy IX: Hellenistic Ilium, 1st century BC
[kemmañ] Troy I–V
The first city was founded in the 3rd millennium BC. During the Bronze Age, the site seems to have been a flourishing mercantile city, since its location allowed for complete control of the Dardanelles, through which every merchant ship from the Aegean Sea heading for the Black Sea had to pass.
[kemmañ] Troy VI
Troy VI was destroyed around 1300 BC, probably by an earthquake. Only a single arrowhead was found in this layer, and no bodily remains.
[kemmañ] Troy VII
Patrom:Main The archaeological layer known as Troy VIIa, which has been dated on the basis of pottery styles to the mid- to late-13th century BC, is the most often-cited candidate for the Troy of Homer. It appears to have been destroyed by a war, and there are traces of a fire. Until the 1988 excavations, the problem was that Troy VII seemed to be a hill-top fort, and not a city of the size described by Homer, but later identification of parts of the city ramparts suggests a city of considerable size.
Partial human remains were found in houses and in the streets, and near the north-western ramparts a human skeleton with skull injuries and a broken jawbone. Three bronze arrowheads were found, two being in the fort and one in the city. However, only small portions of the city have been excavated, and the finds are too scarce to clearly favour destruction by war over a natural disaster.
Troy VIIb1 (ca. 1120 BC) and Troy VIIb2 (ca. 1020 BC) appear to have been destroyed by fires.
[kemmañ] Troy IX
The last city on this site, Hellenistic Ilium, was founded by Romans during the reign of the emperor Augustus and was an important trading city until the establishment of Constantinople in the fourth century as the eastern capital of the Roman Empire. In Byzantine times the city declined gradually, and eventually disappeared.
[kemmañ] Excavation campaigns
[kemmañ] Schliemann
With the rise of modern critical history, Troy and the Trojan War were consigned to the realms of legend. In the 1870s (in two campaigns, 1871-73 and 1878/9), however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a hill, called Hisarlik by the Turks, near the town of Chanak (Çanakkale) in north-western Anatolia. Here he discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities, dating from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. Schliemann declared one of these cities—at first Troy I, later Troy II—to be the city of Troy, and this identification was widely accepted at that time.
[kemmañ] Ilios Homer ha Wilusa istorel
The events described in Homer's Iliad, even if based on historical events that preceded its composition by some 450 years, will never be completely identifiable with historical or archaeological facts, even if there was a Bronze Age city on the site now called Troy, and even if that city was destroyed by fire or war at about the same time as the time postulated for the Trojan War.
No text or artifact has been found on site itself which clearly identifies the Bronze Age site. This is probably due to the planification of the former hillfort during the construction of Hellenistic Ilium (Troy IX), destroying the parts that most likely contained the city archives. A single seal of a Luwian scribe has been found in one of the houses, proving the presence of written correspondence in the city, but not a single text. Our emerging understanding of the geography of the Hittite Empire makes it very likely that the site corresponds to the city of Wilusa. But even if that is accepted, it is of course no positive proof of identity with Homeric (W)ilion.
A name Wilion or Troia does not appear in any of the Greek written records from the Mycenean sites. The Mycenaean Greeks of the 13th century BC had colonized the Greek mainland and Crete, and were only beginning to make forays into Anatolia, establishing a bridgehead in Miletus (Millawanda). Historical Wilusa was one of the Arzawa lands, in loose alliance with the Hittite Empire, and written reference to the city is therefore to be expected in Hittite correspondence rather than in Mycenaean palace archives.
[kemmañ] Iliad istorel pe get?
The dispute over the historicity of the Iliad was very heated at times. The more we know about Bronze Age history, the clearer it becomes that it is not a yes-or-no question but one of educated assessment of how much historical knowledge is present in Homer. The story of the Iliad is not an account of the war, but a tale of the psychology, wrath, vengeance and death of individual heroes that assumes common knowledge of the Trojan War to create a backdrop. No scholars assume that the individual events in the tale (many of which centrally involve divine intervention) are historical fact; on the other hand, few scholars claim that the scenery is entirely devoid of memories of Mycenaean times: it is rather a subjective question of whether the factual content is rather more or rather less than one would have expected.
The ostensible historicity of Homer's Troy faces the same hurdles as with Plato's Atlantis. In both cases, an ancient writer's story is now seen by some to be true, by others to be mythology or fiction. It may be possible to establish connections between either story and real places and events, but these connections may be subject to selection bias.
[kemmañ] The Iliad as essentially legendary
Some archaeologists and historians maintain that none of the events in Homer are historical. Others accept that there may be a foundation of historical events in the Homeric stories, but say that in the absence of independent evidence it is not possible to separate fact from myth in the stories.
In recent years scholars have suggested that the Homeric stories represented a synthesis of many old Greek stories of various Bronze Age sieges and expeditions, fused together in the Greek memory during the "dark ages" which followed the fall of the Mycenean civilization. In this view, no historical city of Troy existed anywhere: the name derives from a people called the Troies, who probably lived in central Greece. The identification of the hill at Hisarlik as Troy is, in this view, a late development, following the Greek colonisation of Asia Minor in the 8th century BC.
[kemmañ] The Iliad as essentially historical
Another view is that Homer was heir to an unbroken tradition of epic poetry reaching back some 500 years into Mycenaean times. In this view, the poem's core could reflect a historical campaign that took place at the eve of the decline of the Mycenaean civilization. Much legendary material would have been added during this time, but in this view it is meaningful to ask for archaeological and textual evidence corresponding to events referred to in the Iliad. Such a historical background gives a credible explanation for the geographical knowledge of Troy (which could, however, also have been obtained in Homer's time by visiting the traditional site of the city) and otherwise unmotivated elements in the poem (in particular the detailed Catalogue of Ships). Linguistically, a few verses of the Iliad suggest great antiquity, because they only fit the meter if projected back into Mycenaean Greek, suggesting a poetic tradition spanning the Greek Dark Ages. Even though Homer was Ionian, the Iliad reflects the geography known to the Mycenaean Greeks, showing detailed knowledge of the mainland but not extending to the Ionian islands or Anatolia, which suggests that the Iliad reproduces an account of events handed down by tradition, to which the author did not add his own geographical knowledge.
[kemmañ] Troia evel mammenn mojennoù
Such was the fame of the Trojan story in Roman and medieval times that it was built upon to provide a starting point for various legends of national origin. The most famous is undoubtedly that promulgated by Virgil in the Aeneid, tracing the ancestry of the founders of Rome, and more specifically the Julio-Claudian dynasty, to the Trojan prince Aeneas. Similarly Geoffrey of Monmouth traces the legendary Kings of the Britons to a supposed descendant of Aeneas called Brutus.
[kemmañ] Touristerezh
Today there is a Turkish town called Truva in the vicinity of the archaeological site, but this town has grown up recently to service the tourist trade. The archaeological site is officially called Troy by the Turkish government and appears as such on many maps.
A large number of tourists visit the site each year, mostly coming from Istanbul by bus or by ferry via Çanakkale, the nearest major town about 50 km to the north-east. The visitor sees a highly commercialised site, with a large wooden horse built as a playground for children, then shops and a museum. The archaeological site itself is, as a recent writer said, "a ruin of a ruin," because the site has been frequently excavated, and because Schliemann's archaeological methods were very destructive: in his conviction that the city of Priam would be found in the earliest layers, he demolished many interesting structures from later eras, including all of the house walls from Troy II. For many years also the site was unguarded and was thoroughly looted. However what remains, particularly if put into context by one of the knowledgeable professional guides to the site, is an illuminating insight into civilizations of the Bronze Age, if not to the legends themselves.
[kemmañ] Sell ivez
- Brezel Troia
- Heinrich Schliemann
- Homer
- Kêr gollet
- Iliad
- Mycenae
- Marc'h Troia
- Oadvez an arem
[kemmañ] Liammoù diavaez
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- Project Troia - The new excavations at Troy
- Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War
- Where Is "Troy" Now?
- Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans: the results of researches and discoveries on the site of Troy and through the Troad in the years 1871-72-73-78-79; (searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries, requires dejavu-plugin)
- The Identification of Troy by Jan Sammer
- Geography
- the Troad (with an image of a model of Troy II)
- Troy pictures
