India
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li república de India es a land in sud Asia which comprises li majority de li Indian subcontinent. India ha a coastline which stretches plu seven thousand kilometres,Template:Inote e shares su borders con Pakistan to li west, li People's república de China, Nepal, e Bhutan to li northeast, e Bangladesh e Myanmar on li east. On li Indian Ocean, it es adjacent to li island nations de li Maldives on li sudwest, Sri Lanka on li sud, e Indonesia on li sudeast. India anc claims a border con Afghanistan to li northwest.Template:Mn
India es li fourth largest economie in li munde in terms de purchasing power parity. It es the second mult populous land in li munde, con a population de plu one billion, e es li seventh largest land per geographical area. It es home to some de li mult ancient civilisations, e a centre de important historic trade routes. Four major munde religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism e Sikhism ha originated de India. Formerly a major part de li British Empire as li British Raj before gaining independence in 1947, during li past twenty annus li land ha grown significantly, especially in su economic e military spheres, regionally as well as globally.
li name India Template:IPA2, es derived de li Old Persian version de Sindhu, li historic local appellation por li river Indus; see Origin de India's name. li Constitution de India e general usage anc recognises Bharat (Template:Lang-hi Template:IPA2 Template:Audio), which es derived de li Sanskrit name de an ancient Hindu king, whose story es to be found in li Mahabharata, as an official name de equal status. A third name, Hindustan (Template:Lang-hi Template:IPA2) Template:Audio, e Land de li Hindus in Persian, ha been used since li twelfth century, though su contemporary use es unevenly applied due to domestic disputes plu su representative as a national signifier.
[modificar] History
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Stone Age rock shelters con paintings at Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh es li earliest known traces de human vive in India. li first known permanent settlements appeared 9,000 annus ago e developed into li Indus Valley Civilisation, which peaked between 2600 BCE e 1900 BCE. It esset followed per li Vedic Civilisation. de around 550 BCE onwards, mult independent kingdoms came into being. In li north, li Maurya dynasty, which included Ashoka, contributed grandmen to India's cultural landscape. de 180 BCE, a series de invasions de Central Asia followed, con li successive establishment in li nord Indian Subcontinent de li Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian e Indo-Parthian kingdoms, e finally li Kushan Empire. de li 3rd century onwards li Gupta dynasty oversaw li period referred to as ancient India's "Golden Age".
In li sud, several dynasties including li Chalukyas, Cheras, Cholas, Kadambas, Pallavas e Pandyas prevailed during different periods. Science, art, literature, mathematics, astronomy, engineering, religion, e philosophy flourished under li patronage de ti kings. Following li Islamic invasions in li beginning de li second millennium, much de north e central India came to be ruled per li Delhi Sultanate, e later, much de li entire subcontinent per li Mughal dynasty. Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms remained e rose to power, especially in li relatively sheltered sud.
During li middle de li second millennium, several Europan landes, including li Portuguese, Dutch, Francés, e British, who esset initially interested in trade con India, took advantage de fractured kingdoms fighting each altri to establish colonies in li land.
In 1757 li troops de li the British East India Company seized Bengal e plundered li Bengali treasure. li British East India Company monopolized li trade de Bengal. li Bengali craftsmen esset inevitably fixed at foreign posts de li Company, where they esset obliged to render lor labor at minimal compensation while lor collective tax burden increased harshly. li result esset li famine de 1769 to 1770 in which 10 million Bengalis died, followed presc a century later per li catastrophic Great Calamity period, resulting in part de an extension de similar policies, in which up to 40 million Indians perished de famine amidst li collapse de India's native industries e skilled workforce.
li Anglés managed to thwart li altri colonisers e came to rule much de li land per 1840. pos a failed insurrection in 1857 against li British East India Company, popularly known in India as li First War de Indian Independence e mult commsolmen known in li West as li Indian Mutiny, mult de India came under li direct administrative control de li crown de li British Empire.
In li early part de li 20th century, a prolonged e largely non-violent struggle por independence, li Indian independence movement, followed, to be eventually led per Mahatma Gandhi, regarded officially as li father de modern India. li culmination de ti path-breaking struggle esset reached on 1947-08-15 when India gained tot independence de British rule, later becoming a república on 1950-01-26.
As a multi-ethnic e multi-religious land, India ha had su share de sectarian violence e insurgencies in different partes de li land. Nonetheless, it ha held itself together as a secular, liberal democracy barring a brief period de 1975 to 1977 during which li then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a "state de emergency" con li suspension de civil rights. India ha unresolved border disputes con China, which escalated into a brief war in 1962, e Pakistan which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, e 1971, e a border altercation in li nord state de Kashmir in 1999. India esset a founding member de li Non-Aligned Movement e li United nationes. In 1974, India conducted an underground nuclear test, making it an unofficial member de li "nuclear club", which esset followed up con a series de five plu tests in 1998. Significant economic reformes beginning in 1991 ha transformed India into un de li fastest growing economies in li munde e added to su global clout.
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[modificar] Government
Template:Main Template:National symbols de India li Constitution de India states India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic república. India es a federal república, con a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary sistema. It ha a tri branch sistema de governance consisting de li legislature, executive e judiciary.
li President, who es li head de state, ha a largely ceremonial role. His roles include interpreting li constitution, signing laws into action, e issuing pardons. He es anc li Commander-in-Chief de li armed forces. li President e Vice-President es elected indirectmen per an electoral college por five-annu terms. li Prime Minister es li head de government e mult executive powers es vested in ti office. He (or she) es elected per legislators de li political party, e coalition, commanding a parliamentary majority, e serves a five-annu term incumbent upon enjoying ti majority. li constitution does ne provide por a post de Deputy Prime Minister, ma ti option ha been exercised de time to time.
li legislature de India es li bicameral Parliament which consists de li upper house known as li Rajya Sabha, e Council de States, li lower house known as li Lok Sabha, e House de li People, e li President. li 245-member Rajya Sabha es chosen indirectmen through an electoral college e ha a staggered six annu term. li 552-member Lok Sabha es directmen elected por a five annu term, e es li determinative constituent de political power e government formation. tot Indian citizens above li age de eighteen es eligible to vote.
li executive arm consists de li President, Vice-President e li Council de Ministers (the Cabinet) headed per li Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member de either house de parliament. In India's parliamentary sistema, li executive es subordinate to li legislature.
India's independent judiciary consists de li Supreme Court, headed per li Chief Justice de India. li Supreme Court ha both original jurisdiction plu disputes between states e li Centre, e appellate jurisdiction plu li High Courts de India. There es eighteen appellate High Courts, having jurisdiction plu a large state e a group de states. Each de ti states ha a tiered sistema de lower courts. A conflict between li legislature e li judiciary es referred to li President.
[modificar] Politics
Template:Main For mult de su independent history, India's national government ha been controlled per li Indian National Congress Party. Following su position as li largest political organisation in pre-independence India, Congress, usually led per a member de li Nehru-Gandhi family, dominated national politics por plu forty annus. In 1977, a united opposition, under li banner de li Janata Party, won li election e formed a non-Congress government por a curt period pos li unpopular 'emergency rule' imposed per Indira Gandhi in li previous Congress regime. In 1996, li Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a political party con a right wing nationalist ideology, became li largest single party, e established por li first time a serious opposition to li largely centre-left Congress. ma power esset held per du successive coalition governments, who stayed on con li support de li Congress. In 1998, li BJP formed li National Democratic Alliance (NDA) along con litter parties e became li first non-Congress government to sustain li tot five annu term pos it returned to power in 1999. li decade prior to 1999 esset marked per curt-lasting governments, con seven separate governments formed within that period. un támen, a Congress government formed in 1991, lasted li tot five annus e initiated significant economic reformes.
In li 2004 Indian elections li Congress party returned to power pos winning li largest number de seats, per a narrow margin. Congress formed a government in alliance con li Communist Party de India (Marxist) e con several mostly-regional parties called li United Progressive Alliance. li NDA, led per li BJP, currently formes li main opposition. tot governments formed since 1996 ha required party coalitions, con no single majority party, due to li steady rise de regional parties at li national level. Template:Seealso4
[modificar] States e union territories
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India es divided into twenty-eight states (which es further subdivided into districts), six Union Territories e li National Capital Territory de Delhi. States ha lor own elected government, whereas Union Territories es governed per an administrator appointed per li union government, though some ha elected governments. Template:India states India ha had du scientific bases in Antarctica – li Dakshin Gangotri e Maitri, ma ha made no territorial claims so far.
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[modificar] Geography
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India's entire north e northeast states es made up de li Himalayan Range. li rest de nord, central e ost India consists de li fertile Indo-Gangetic plain. Towards western India, bordering sudeast Pakistan, lies li Thar Desert. li sudern Indian peninsula es presc entirely composed de li Deccan plateau. li plateau es flanked per du hilly coastal ranges, li Western Ghats e ost Ghats.
India es home to several major rivers such as li Ganga (Ganges), li Brahmaputra, li Yamuna, li Godavari, e li Krishna. li rivers es responsible por li fertile plains in nord India which es conducive to farming.
li Indian climate varies de a tropical climate in li sud to a plu temperate climate in li north. partes de India which lie in li Himalaya ha a tundra climate. India gets mult de su rains through li monsoons.
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[modificar] economie
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India ha an economie ranked as li tenth largest in li munde in terms de currency conversion e fourth largest in terms de purchasing power parity. It recorded un de li fastest annual growth rates de around 8 % in 2003. Owing to su large population, támen, India's per-capita income per purchasing power parity works out to be just US$ 3,262, ranked 125th per li munde Bank. India's foreign exchange reserves amount to plu US$ 143 billion.Template:Inote Mumbai serves as li nation's financial capital e es anc home to both li headquarters de li Reserve Bank de India e li pre-eminent Bombay Stock Exchange. While a quarter de Indians still live below li poverty line, a large middle class ha now emerged along con li rapid growth de li IT industry.
li Indian economie ha shed much de su historical dependence on agriculture, which now contributes to less than 25 % de GDP.Template:Inote altri important industries es mining, petroleum, diamond polishing, films, textiles, information technology services, e handicrafts. mult de India's industrial regiones es centred around major cities. In recent annus, India ha emerged as un de li largest players in software e business process outsourcing services, con revenues de US$ 17.2 billion in 2004 to 2005.Template:Inote There es anc a lot de litt-scale industries that provide steady employment to mult de su citizens in litt towns e villages.
While India receives solmen around tri million foreign visitors a annu, tourism es still an important ma under-developed source de national income. Tourism contributes 5.3 % de India's GDP. li actual employment generation, both direct e indirect, es estimated to be 42 million, e circa 10 % de India's work force. In monetary terms, it contributes circa US$4 billion in foreign exchange.Template:Inote India's major trading partners es li United States, Japan, China e li United Arab Emirates.Template:Inote
India's main exports items include agricultural products, textile goods, gems e jewellery, software services e technology, engineering goods, chemicals e leather products while su main import commodities es crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, chemicals. por li annu 2004, India's total exports stood at US$ 69.18 billion while li imports esset worth at US $89.33 billion.Template:Inote
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[modificar] Demographics
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India es li second mult populous land in li munde, con solmen China having a larger population. Language, religion, e caste es major determinants de social e political organisation within li highly diverse Indian population today. su biggest metropolitan agglomerations es Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) e Chennai (formerly Madras).
India's literacy rate es 64.8 % con 53.7 % de females e 75.3 % de males being literate. li sex ratio es 933 females por etre 1000 males.Template:Inote Work Participation Rate (WPR) (the percentage de workers to total population) stands at 39.1 % con male WPR at 51.7 % e female WPR at 25.6 % inote|eu}} India's median age es 24.66 e ha a growth rate de 22.32 births per 1,000.Template:Inote
Although 80.5 % de li pópul es Hindus, India es anc home to li third largest population de Muslims in li munde (13.4 % see Islam in India) pos Indonesia e Pakistan. altri litter religious minorities include Christians (2.33%), Sikhs (1.84 %), Buddhists (0.76 %), Jains (0.40 %), Ayyavazhi (0.12 %), Jews, Parsis, Ahmadi, e Bahá'ís.Template:Inote
India es home to du major linguistic families, those de li Indo-Aryan (spoken per circa 74% de li Indian population) e Dravidian (spoken per circa 24% de li Indian population) derived languages. altri lingues spoken in India come de li Austro-Asiatic e Tibeto-Burman linguistic families. li Indian constitution recognises 23 official languagesTemplate:Ref. Hindi along con Anglés es li lingues used per li Central Government por official purposes. du classical lingues native to li land es Sanskrit e Tamil. li number de mother tongues in India es as high as 1,652.Template:Inote
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[modificar] Culture
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India ha a rich e unique cultural heritage, e ha managed to preserve su established traditions throughout history. It ha always absorbed customs, traditions e ideas de both invaders e immigrants. mult cultural practices, languages, customs e even monuments es examples de ti co-mingling plu centuries. Famous monuments such as li Taj Mahal e altri examples de Islamic-inspired architecture ha been inherited de li Mughal dynasty, perhaps India's mult significant. ti es li result de a syncretic tradition that combined elements de tot partes de li land.
Indian society es largely pluralist, multilingual e multicultural. Religious practices de various faiths es an integral part de etreday vive in society. Education es highly regarded per membres de etre socio-economic stratum. Traditional Indian family values es highly respected e considered sacred, although urban families ha grown into a nuclear family sistema, owing to li socio-economic constraints imposed per li traditional joint family sistema.
Religion in India es tre public, con mult practices imbued con pomp e vitality accompanying lor underlying spiritual qualities. A melting pot de mult religions, India ha a rich diversity de festivals con mult being celebrated per un e all. li mult widely known e popular celebrations include li Hindu festivals de Diwali, Holi, e Dussehra. Pongal in Tamil Nadu e Onam in Kerala es harvest festivals celebrated per pópul belonging to tot religions.
Indian music es represented per a wide variety de formes. li du main formes in terms de classical music es Carnatic de sud India e Hindustani de li north. Popular formes de music anc prevail, li mult notable being Filmi music. In addition to ti es li diverse traditions de folk music. mult dance formes existe in India – Bharatanatyam, Odissi, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Manipuri, Mohiniyattam, Yakshagana e others. They sovente ha a narrative form (based on li Indian epics) e es usually infused con devotional e spiritual elements.
li earliest literary traditions esset mostly oral e esset later transcribed. mult de ti spring de Indian tradition (which es later called Hindu tradition) e es represented per sacred works quam li Vedas e li epics de li Mahabharatha e Ramayana. Sangam literature de Tamil Nadu represents some de India's oldest secular traditions. There ha been mult notable Indian writers in modern times, both in Indian lingues and in Anglés. India's solmen Nobel laureate in literature esset li Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore.
India produces li munde's highest number de films etre annu. li mult recognisable face es that de cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, sovente referred to as "Bollywood". Cinema in altri vernacular lingues es anc particularly strong, con movies regularly produced in well-established Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil e Telugu industries. India's contribution to munde cinema esset li internationally renowned Bengali language director Satyajit Ray.
Rice e wheat (in bread formes) es li staple nutriments in li land. li cuisine de India es extremely diverse, as ingredients, spices e cooking methods tot vary de region to region. li land es notable por su wide variety de vegetarian cuisine. Spicy nutriment e sweets es popular in India. Traditional dress in India grandmen varies across li regiones in su colores e styles. li sari e li salwar kameez es popular styles de dress por women. Traditional raiments por men es li kurta e dhoti.
Contrary to popular Western thought, mult Indians es ne vegetarians. Less than 20% es vegetarians. While mult Hindus do ne eat beef, mult Muslims, Christians e some others do. A sizeable number de Hindus (presc entirely in li cities) anc eat beef, though ne so openly.
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[modificar] Sports e games
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India's national sport es field hockey, although cricket es now li de facto national game due to su success e popularity in recent times, con li Indian cricket team (munde Champions in 1983) un de li top contenders around. Though cricket's popularity es widespread, it es ne li mult popular sport in quite a few Indian states, particularly in India's northeast. Another international sport in which India ha a fair degree de parity con altri nationes es chess, in which Indian Viswanathan Anand ha been FIDE munde Champion e several players ha made significant inroads, in recent annus, well past Grandmaster level.
India ha had relatively litt success in altri international events quam li Olympics, where it garnered a total de just un silver medal e du bronze medals in li previous tri Olympics. támen, it ha won eight field hockey golds. India ha done rather well in Davis Cup tennis tournaments, having reached li finals on tri occasions. su players ha secured several individual titles e Grand Slam doubles wins, ma an Indian es yet to win a Grand Slam singles title.
Some traditional indigenous sports es kabaddi, Kho Kho e gilli-danda, which es played in mult partes de li land. Chess e carrom es some altri games e sports that es said to ha originated in India. Snooker e badminton ha seen Indians achieve some international success. Football (soccer) anc finds a large viewership in presc li entire land, e es li mult popular sport in mult states de India. Formula 1 e Basketball es anc increasing in popularity, though lor reach es largely limited to urban areas.
[modificar] Holidays
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India ha tri National Holidays. altri sets de holidays, varying between nine to twelve, pertains to festivals, religious holidays e births de leaders es legislated per li individual states. Template:Official Holidays de India
[modificar] See also
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[modificar] External links
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- Official
- Offical Indian Government Portal — National Portal de li India, developed con an objective to enable a single window access to information e services being provided per li various Indian Government entities.
- GOI Directory — Directory de governmental websites
- Indiaimage National Informatics Centre — Basic Portal to Govt. de India Websites
- Tourism de India — Ministry de Tourism
- Other
- Template:Wikitravel
- Template:Wikicities
- CIA — li munde Factbook — India — CIA's Factbook on India
- land Profile: India — BBC's land Profile on India
[modificar] References
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[modificar] Notes
- Template:Mnb li Government de India considers li entire state de Jammu e Kashmir to be a part de India. ti state borders a part de Afghanistan. A ceasefire sponsored per li United nationes in 1948 freezes li positiones de Indian e Pakistani held territory. As a consequence, li region bordering Afghanistan es in Pakistani-administered territory.
- Template:Mnb li black line es li boundary as recognised per li government de India. li nord region de Kashmir es currently administered per India, Pakistan, e China (e coloured in as such). li delimiting de li tri administered regiones es not li international boundary ma a ceasefire line demarcated in red. li boundary separating India e Pakistan es known as li Line de Control, that separating India e China as li 'Line de Actual Control'. mult de li state de Arunachal Pradesh es anc claimed per China.
- India es anc li letter I in li NATO phonetic alphabet.
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